| Лечение метастатической увеальной меланомы: обзор литературы / З. Р. Магомедова [и др.] // Вопросы онкологии. – 2024. – Т. 70, № 4. – С. 606–613.
(Treatment of Metastatic Uveal Melanoma: Literature Review) |
Uveal melanoma is a rare intraocular tumor. Despite advances in the treatment of the primary tumor, more than 50 % of patients develop metastatic disease. Uveal melanoma has different molecular and biological features compared to cutaneous melanoma, including different driver mutations and lower mutational load. While targeted therapy and immunotherapy have shown success in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma, new targets and approaches are still being sought for uveal melanoma. This article presents a review of several studies that reflect the efficacy of local and systemic treatments as well as combined approaches in the treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma, which have recently become popular. |
| Обзор исследований и ключевых рекомендаций по безопасному применению пероральных противоопухолевых препаратов / Ю. А. Агафонова [и др.] // Вопросы онкологии. – 2024. – Т. 70, № 4. – С. 614–621.
(Review of Research and Key Recommendations for the Safe Use of Oral Anticancer Drugs) |
The international professional community has developed specific management programs and guidelines for healthcare professionals and patients taking oral anticancer drugs (OACDs). However, there is limited and fragmentary data on the safe use of OACDs in the research and scientific literature published in Russian.
To outline the key safety aspects of OACD therapy and provide a list of safe use guidelines for both patients and healthcare providers. The authors recommend the use of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) MASCC Oral Agent Teaching Tool (MOATT) structured guidelines and the National Community Oncology Dispensing Association (NCODA) Oral Chemotherapy Education guidelines adapted for patient self-administration. The authors of this article have translated and adapted the MOATT. The translation is available on the official MASCC website in Russian for practical application and further research. |
| Атипичные тератоид-рабдоидные опухоли центральной нервной системы у детей. Обзор литературы / Е. В. Тюрина [и др.] // Вопросы онкологии. – 2024. – Т. 70, № 4. – С. 622–632.
(Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors of Central Nervous System in Children. Literature Review) |
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRT) are highly aggressive malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), predominantly diagnosed in young children. Despite complex treatment approaches including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, outcomes remain extremely unfavorable. Modern epidemiological and molecular biological research aims to study the etiology of tumors, the molecular characteristics of malignant neoplasms, and to determine the possibility of using targeted drugs, which will help to increase the understanding of the structure of the process and give a chance of improving the survival of patients with ATRT. |
| Возможности и перспективы применения искусственного интеллекта в лечении колоректального рака (обзор литературы) / А. Ю. Кравченко [и др.] // Колопроктология. – 2024. – Т. 23, № 2. – С. 184–193.
(Possibilities and prospects of artificial intelligence in the treatment of colorectal cancer (review)) |
AIM: to study modern approaches to the application of machine learning and deep learning technologies for the management of patients with colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: after screening 398 publications, 112 articles were selected and the full text of the works was studied. After studying the full texts of the articles, the works were selected, machine learning models in which showed an accuracy of more than 80%. The results of 41 original publications were used to write this review. RESULTS: several areas have been identified that are the most promising for the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the management of patients with colorectal cancer. They are predicting the response to neoadjuvant treatment, predicting the risks of metastasis and recurrence of the disease, predicting the toxicity of chemotherapy, assessing the risks of leakage of colorectal anastomoses. As the most promising factors that can be used to train models, researchers consider clinical parameters, the immune environment of the tumor, tumor RNA signatures, as well as visual pathomorphological characteristics. The models for predicting the risk of liver metastases in patients with stage T1 (AUC = 0.9631), as well as models aimed at assessing the risk of 30-day mortality during chemotherapy (AUC = 0.924), were characterized with the greatest accuracy. Most of the technologies discussed in this paper are software products trained on data sets of different quality and quantity, which are able to suggest a treatment scenario based on predictive models, and, in fact, can be used as a doctor’s assistant with very limited functionality. CONCLUSION: the current level of digital technologies in oncology and in the treatment of colorectal cancer does not allow us to talk about a strong AI capable of making decisions about the treatment of patients without medical supervision. Personalized treatment based on the microbiotic and mutation spectrum and, for example, personal pharmacokinetics, so far look fantastic, but certainly promising for future developments. |
| Статус генов RAS/BRAF у пациентов с колоректальным раком (обзор литературы) / Е. А. Казаченко [и др.] // Колопроктология. – 2024. – Т. 23, № 3. – С. 112–125.
(The RAS/BRAF genes status in patients with colorectal cancer (review)) |
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third in prevalence among oncological diseases worldwide and second in the structure of oncological mortality. Genetic assessment of CRC is a necessary stage during selecting further treatment for patients. Many studies demonstrate a diverse distribution of mutations in the KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes in CRC. A critical literature review was conducted in order to systematize data on the mutational profile and genetic heterogeneity of these driver mutations in Russian patients with CRC. Articles were searched for in open databases. Totally 17 Russian studies and 3 English meta-analyses were analyzed for comparison with Russian data. Mutations in the KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes, according to Russian and international studies, are found in 40 %, 4 %, and 7 % in CRC patients, respectively. The frequency and specific localization of mutations may depend on the geographical location and nationality of the cohort. High intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity in CRC, especially in KRAS gene mutations, significantly influences the choice of further therapy and underscores the need for more detailed study of the mutational profile of the primary tumor, affected lymph nodes, and distant metastases. In Russia, several molecular genetic methods are used to determine somatic mutations in CRC with different sensitivity and specificity, the most common is real-time PCR. More accurate diagnostic methods include digital droplet PCR, Sanger sequencing, and next-generation sequencing, but each method has its limitations that must be considered when planning diagnostics and research. The promising directions in personalized oncology is the study of gene copy number variations, which may contribute to the development of new methods for treating CRC in the future. Despite the large number of studies, some aspects of the mutational profile of CRC in Russian studies remain poorly understood, which is why further research is needed on patients with colorectal cancer in Russia. |
| Светоклеточная карцинома эндометрия с трофобластической дифференцировкой по типу хориокарциномы: обзор литературы и клинический случай / О. П. Матылевич [и др.] // Онкологический журнал. – 2024. – Т. 18, № 1–2. – С. 101–114. | Трофобластическая дифференцировка является редкой трансформацией соматических карцином тела матки и ассоциирована с плохим прогнозом. В связи с различием прогноза и тактики лечения следует разграничивать такие опухоли и хориокарциному. В статье изложен обзор литературы, рассматривается клиническая картина, морфологические и молекулярно-генетические аспекты, особенности диагностики данных типов опухолей, выбор лечебной тактики, а также факторы прогноза. Представлен клинический случай светлоклеточной карциномы эндометрия с трофобластической дифференцировкой. |
| Джураев, Ф. М. О современных методах диагностики рака молочной железы на популяционном уровне / Ф. М. Джураев, М. Д. Джураев // Онкологический журнал. – 2024. – Т. 18, № 1–2. – С. 115–120. | Этот обзор почти неизбежно подводит к идее борьбы с раком молочной железы (РМЖ), основанной на развитии практики ранней диагностики, для того, чтобы начать радикальное лечение на ранних стадиях. Так в онкологии возникла идея скрининга РМЖ. В большинстве стран мира, включая Узбекистан, чаще всего используется маммографический скрининг РМЖ. Поэтому анализ литературы по скринингу РМЖ с акцентом на этот метод представляет особый практический интерес. |
| Основы фотодинамической терапии / Д. А. Церковский [и др.] // Онкологический журнал. – 2024. – Т. 18, № 1–2. – С. 121–131.
(Basics of photodynamic therapy) |
The article systematizes information about the mechanisms of antitumor response underlying the photodynamic therapy method at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. Data on the main laser and non-laser radiation sources and equipment used for photoirradiation of pathologically altered tissues are presented, and information on key aspects of the use of the method in clinical oncology is also analyzed. |
| Значение клеток воспаления опухолевого микроокружения при раке молочной железы / К. С. Титов [и др.] // Злокачественные опухоли. – 2024. – Т. 14, № 1. – С. 67–73.
(Importance of tumor microenvironment inflammation cells in breast cancer) |
This review evaluates the role of the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer focusing on the evidence showing that tumor-associated macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells directly participate in tumor initiation, proliferation, and metastasizing. This study also describes microenvironment cells pathologic assessment relevant for prognostication and treatment decision. Tumor-associated macrophages stimulate breast tumor progression, including tumor cell growth, invasion and metastasizing. Tumor-associated neutrophils are more prevalent in patients with severe disease or resistance to treatment and it can be explained by their pro-tumor / immunosuppressive characteristics. The contribution of mast cells to tumor development and progression appears to be a controversial area of research. The ability of mast cells to promote angiogenesis is viewed as a key process in promoting tumor development. However, elevated level of mast cells at tumor sites seems to be connected with improved outcomes. |
| Существующие проблемы профилактики и лечения химиоиндуцированной периферической нейропатии: мировой опыт и собственные данные / Г. А. Чиж [и др.] // Злокачественные опухоли. – 2024. – Т. 14, № 1. – С. 74–82.
(Existing problems of prevention and treatment of chemo-induced peripheral neuropathy: world experience and own data) |
Chemotherapy-related peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a complication which occurs in the most cancer patients receiving taxanes and platinum-based systemic therapy. CIPN includes the wide range of clinical symptoms, and the peripheral sensitive disorders are the most common. Some patients have CIPN-related symptoms persistent after chemotherapy completion. Impact on patient’s quality of life and high prevalence among cancer patients make an active search for new ways of CIPN medical correction relevant. We reviewed the existing data on medical prophylaxis and treatment of CIPN and also presented our observation data with CIPN patients. Based on our research results, we showed that the impact of CIPN on a patient’s quality’s life was spread beyond the peripheral sensitivity disorder. This should be taken into account for further studying of the possible correction of CIPN. |
| Тюляндин, С. А. Практические инструменты, облегчающие выбор адъювантной лекарственной терапии у больных операбельным люминальным HER2-негативным раком молочной железы / С. А. Тюляндин, М. Б. Стенина, М. А. Фролова // Злокачественные опухоли. – 2024. – Т. 14, № 2. – С. 51–57.
(Practical tools to facilitate the choice of adjuvant systemic therapy for resectable luminal HER2‑negative breast cancer) |
Luminal HER2‑negative breast cancer accounts for about 60–70 % of all cases of this disease. The choice of adjuvant systemic therapy for patients with operable luminal HER2‑negative breast cancer, especially the prescription of adjuvant chemotherapy and ovarian suppression, is one of the most complex and controversial issues. The reasons for this are the pronounced heterogeneity of luminal breast cancer, the absence of clear markers of chemosensitivity, as well as hormone resistance of the tumor in some patients. Genetic tests have become a great help in resolving this issue in a number of foreign countries, allowing in each specific case to assess the risk of relapse of the disease and the need to prescribe more aggressive adjuvant drug therapy, however, they are not yet available to Russian oncologists. However, even in the absence of the ability to use such tests, we have tools that can significantly facilitate decision‑making on the choice of adjuvant treatment for operable luminal HER2‑negative breast cancer. As alternative tools, the article discusses a calculator for estimating the risk of recurrence based on clinicopathological tumor characteristics, preoperative test hormonal therapy with aromatase inhibitors for postmenopausal patients, and the composite progression risk index for premenopausal patients. All of these tools are available and can be used to guide adjuvant systemic treatment. |
| Опухолевые клетки по краю хирургического разреза после попытки радикального лечения больных местнораспространенной уротелиальной карциномой: обзор литературы и описание клинических наблюдений / М. И. Волкова [и др.] // Злокачественные опухоли. – 2024. – Т. 14, № 2. – С. 58–64.
(Positive surgical margin after attempted radical surgery in patients with locally advanced urothelial carcinoma: literature review and case reports) |
Positive surgical margin is observed in approximately 10 % of specimens after radical surgery for locally advanced urothelial carcinoma, and is associated with an increased risk of locoregional recurrence, metastases, and death. R+ patients are a heterogeneous group of patients requiring individual treatment approaches. There is no standard of care for R+ patients; acceptable options include observation, removal of residual tumor, postoperative chemotherapy (CT), immunotherapy (IT), radiation therapy (RT), and chemoradiotherapy (CRT). The choice of treatment plan depends on the location and characteristics of the primary tumor, use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) before surgery and the response to it, the pathological response, the presence of detectable residual tumor, as well as the potential tolerability of immediate postoperative treatment. |
| Тотальная неоадъюватная терапия при местно-распространенном раке прямой кишки: обзор литературы / А. В. Полыновский [и др.] // Злокачественные опухоли. – 2024. – Т. 14, № 2. – С. 65–74.
(Total neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: a literature review) |
The problem of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) treatment has not lost its importance and relevance over the past decades, due to the steady increase in the incidence. For a long time, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) before total mesorectal excision (TME) and followed systemic chemotherapy was widely accepted as the standard therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. Although local control is more than satisfactory using this approach, the same cannot be said of distant metastases, which rate reaches 30 % or more and is mainly the cause of death of this category of patients. One of the reasons for this lack of improvement may be the rate of patients who complete the planned adjuvant chemotherapy, which is approximately 50 %. The reasons for that may be postoperative complications, long-term recovery after extensive surgical procedures, etc. Total Neoadjuvant Therapy (TNT) is an emerging approach for the treatment of LARC aimed at improving distant metastasis. This review will outline the main steps in the evolution of LARC treatment and the formation of the stages of total neoadjuvant therapy. |
| Современный взгляд на проблему: влияние ожирения как ключевого компонента метаболического синдрома на развитие и прогрессирование рака эндометрия / А. Ю. Павлов [и др.] // Злокачественные опухоли. – 2024. – Т. 14, № 2. – С. 75–82.
(Modern view of the problem: the influence of obesity as a key component of metabolic syndrome on the development and progression of endometrial cancer) |
Unlike many other malignancies, the incidence and mortality of endometrial cancer continues to rise. This unfortunate trend is in no small part the result of the worldwide obesity epidemic, which is caused by reduced physical activity, poor diet and chronic stress. Currently, more than 50 % of endometrial cancer cases are associated with obesity, which is recognized as an independent risk factor for the development of this disease. Adipose tissue is not only the main place of storage of excess energy, but also a full-fledged endocrine organ that affects the metabolism, immune response and production of biologically active substances involved in cell growth and differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. In this review, we assess the impact of obesity as a key component of metabolic syndrome on the development and progression of endometrial cancer. There are several mechanisms by which obesity enlarges the risk of endometrial cancer, including increased endogenous sex steroid hormones, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, adipokine secretion, and chronic inflammation.
The purpose of this review is to analyze publications, reflecting the already known aspects of the biological effect of obesity, as well as new data from recent years. |
| Особенности Т-клеточного иммунного ответа у онкогематологических больных после перенесенной инфекции SARS-COV-2 и вакцинации / К. В. Зорникова [и др.] // Гематология и трансфузиология. – 2024. – Т. 69, № 2. – С. 200–216.
Features of the T-cell immune response in patients with hematological diseases after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination |
Introduction. Patients with hematological malignancies are one of the most vulnerable groups to infectious diseases. Immune system dysfunction caused by the disease and/or its therapy negatively affects infection disease duration and severity, leads to an increased risk of death, and reduces the efficacy of vaccination. However, the precise compensatory mechanisms that allow patients with deficient cellular or humoral responses to fight viral infections have not been sufficiently studied. Aim: To systematize the knowledge of immune response formation in patients with hematological malignancies with humoral or cellular dysfunction. Main findings. In this review the features of the T-cell immune response in patients with hematological malignancies is explored, followed by a discussion on how the diversity of the T-cell receptor repertoire may be important in effective virus elimination and protection against SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. |
| Комиссарова, В. А. Онкоскрининг у пациенток группы риска по раку молочной железы до 40 лет. Обзор литературы / В. А. Комиссарова, И. П. Сафонцев, Р. А. Зуков // Бюллетень Национального научно-исследовательского института общественного здоровья им. Н. А. Семашко. – 2024. – № 3. – С. 59–65.
(Cancer screening in patients at risk for breast cancer under 40 years of age. Literature review) |
Annotation. Special attention in this review is paid to risk factors for breast cancer, the features of mammography as the main method of cancer screening for diagnosing breast tumors in the age group of patients subject to preventive and medical examinations. The idea why of standard screening not suitable for young women is highlighted. A comparative analysis of existing mathematical models for assessing individual risk of developing breast cancer was carried out. The advantages and disadvantages of the selected models are noted. Based on the analysis, the need to optimize the approach for the selection of diagnostic tactics based on the assessment of risk factors was identified in order to increase the proportion of early detection of breast pathologies. |
| Современные представления об этиологии и патогенезе ALK-позитивной анапластической крупноклеточной лимфомы / Д. С. Абрамов [и др.] // Вопросы гематологии / онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии. – 2024. – Т. 23, № 1. – С. 180–191.
(Current views on the etiology and pathogenesis of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma) |
ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a mature T-cell lymphoma characterized by translocations that involve the ALK receptor tyrosine kinase coding gene. This illness is known to almost exclusively affect children and young adults. The biology of ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma is fairly well researched today, with recent studies focusing on the histogenesis of this neoplasm. In this review, we analyze the existing world literature data on the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease. |
| Полетаев, А. В. Современные аспекты диагностики гемофилии А / А. В. Полетаев, Е. А. Серегина, П. А. Жарков // Вопросы гематологии / онкологии и иммунопатологии в педиатрии. – 2024. – Т. 23, № 1. – С. 200–210. | В последние годы происходит стремительная эволюция лечения гемофилии А, появляется все больше препаратов как факторной, так и нефакторной терапии. Одной из важных проблем заместительной факторной терапии является относительно короткий период полувыведения фактора свертывания крови VIII (FVIII), составляющий в среднем 8–12 ч, что вынуждает пациентов, особенно детского возраста, вводить препарат достаточно часто (3–4 раза/нед), снижая качество жизни и приверженность к терапии. Появление рекомбинантных препаратов FVIII с увеличенным периодом полувыведения позволяет уменьшить количество инфузий, улучшая качество жизни пациентов без снижения безопасности и эффективности. Однако особенности структуры данных препаратов приводят к изменению результатов лабораторных исследований активности FVIII, проводимых для контроля эффективности терапии. В данной статье мы рассмотрим современные методы лабораторного контроля доступных на сегодняшний день препаратов с увеличенным периодом полужизни FVIII в России, оценим степень расхождения между одностадийным клоттинговым и хромогенным методами для каждого препарата, а также возможности лаборатории в мониторинге нефакторной и сочетанной терапии гемофилии А. |
| Колоректальный рак: заболеваемость, факторы риска и скрининг / В. В. Цуканов [и др.] // Профилактическая медицина. – 2024. – Т. 27, № 3. – С. 93–97.
(Colorectal cancer: incidence, risk factors, and screening) |
The analysis of the current literature data characterizing the incidence, risk factors and screening methods of colorectal cancer (CRC) is presented. In recent years, dynamics of CRC epidemiological indicators have been unfavorable worldwide. The CRC incidence in Russia is high and reaches 30.7 per 100 thousand population in men, among women — 20.9 per 100 thousand population. The leading risk factors for this pathology include male sex, age older than 45—50 years, detection of adenomatous polyps in the intestines, the presence of close relatives with CRC, obesity, tobacco smoking, alcohol use, consumption of red and processed meat. The leading CRC screening methods are highly sensitive stool occult blood tests and colonoscopy. It is advisable to increase the use of screening and the development of preventive measures to reduce the incidence of CRC in Russia. |
| Особенности ангиогенеза при светлоклеточном раке почки / И. В. Майбородин [и др.] // Архив патологии. – 2024. – Т. 86, № 4. – С. 64–70.
(Peculiarities of angiogenesis in clear cell renal cancer) |
A literature search was conducted to review papers on the results of studies of clear cell renal cancer (CCRC) vascularization. Numerous data on the relationship between tumor pathogenesis and its vascularization have been revealed, which indicates the multifactorial nature of CCRC development and the significant role of angiogenesis in this process. It should be taken into account that patients with CCRC may have impaired vessel formation even before tumor development. To evaluate normal and pathologic angiogenesis, a pathohistologic study using immunohistochemistry is certainly necessary. Due to the significant role of angiogenesis in the development and course of CCRC, the use of drugs that suppress the formation of the vascular network in the tumor is relevant and advisable. To date, many drugs have been developed and introduced into clinical practice to inhibit angiogenesis. However, such drugs have not lived up to the expectations placed due to the frequent and rapidly developing drug resistance. Timely detection of pre-tumor and tumor processes, as well as effective treatment of cancer, including CCRC, is possible only with close cooperation between pathomorphologists and oncologists. |
| Таргетная лимфаденэктомия с биопсией сторожевого лимфатического узла у больных раком молочной железы cTl-3N1МО после неоадъювантной полихимиотерапии / Ш. Ш. Абдуллоева [и др.] // Онкология. Журнал имени П. А. Герцена. – 2024. – Т. 13, № 3. – C. 73–78.
(Results of targeted lymphadenectomy in patients with breast cancer cT1-3N1M0 after neoadjuvant systemic therapy) |
Purpose of the study. To evaluate the results of targeted lymphadenectomy (TLAE) in patients with breast cancer (BC) cT1–3N1M0 after neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NAST).
Patients and methods. The study represents a prospective analysis of 83 patients diagnosed with breast cancer in stage T1–3N1M0 who were treated in the Department of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery of the breast and skin at the P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute (Moscow, Russian Federation). The patients were divided into two groups: in the main group 1 (n = 45), TLAE was performed using a metal tag (clip) after surgery; in the control group 2 (n = 38), classical lymphadenectomy (LAE) was performed. The following characteristics were evaluated: the size of the primary tumor and its localization, the degree of malignan cy (G), the biological subtype of the tumor, the number of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN), the number of metastases in SLN, damage to other lymph nodes, the number of patients who moved from cN1 to cN0. According to these characteristics, the two groups were comparable and there were no statistically significant differences. The effectiveness of NAST was assessed by the frequency of complete pathomorphological regression of the lesion of the studied tissue. The frequency of identification of sentinel lymph nodes was assessed with urgent cytological and routine pathomorphological studies. Results. In group 1, a complete pathomorphological response in the mammary gland was 37.8 %, in group 2 – 31.6 %. A complete pathomorphological response in the affected lymph node (N0) after neoadjuvant polychemotherapy (NAST) was achieved in 51.1 % of patients in group 1 and 52.6 % in group 2. The frequency of identification of sentinel lymph nodes during biopsy in both groups was 100 %. The frequency of identification of the installed tag was 100 %. The frequency of coincidences of the clipped lymph node with the sentinel lymph node was 65 %. In one case, migration of the installed label was noted. The efficiency of using the navigation explorer was 93 %. Conclusion. The results obtained confirm the expediency, feasibility and high efficiency of de-escalation of surgical intervention in the form of TLAE. Our study also demonstrates the relative simplicity and accuracy of using a metal tag to achieve TLAE goals. |
| Морфологические и молекулярно-генетические особенности рака желудка / Е. Н. Гребенкин [и др.] // Онкология. Журнал имени П. А. Герцена. – 2024. – Т. 13, № 3. – C. 79–84.
(Morphological and molecular genetic features of gastric cancer) |
High incidence, poor prognosis, risk of progression after radical surgical treatment, cellular and molecular genetic heterogeneity of gastric cancer represent a serious health problem worldwide; the annual death rate is more than 700.000 cases. Understanding oncogenesis, risk factors, and the use of new approaches to treating this pathology are priority tasks of modern oncology. This review is devoted to modern ideas about carcinogenesis, assessment of the morphologically unchanged gastric mucosa through the prism of the precancerous Correa cascade. The basic molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of carcinogenesis are described, and the tumor microenvironment is characterized. |
| Карпечкин, М. О. Рак молочной железы: виды имплантируемых материалов для замещения пострезекционных дефектов / М. О. Карпечкин, Д. В. Давыдов, А. Ф. Куцурадис // Онкология. Журнал имени П. А. Герцена. – 2024. – Т. 13, № 3. – C. 85–89.
(Breast cancer: types of implantable materials for replacement of postresection defects) |
Breast cancer occupies a leading position in morbidity and mortality not only in Russia, but also around the world. Despite the outstanding results in the development of surgical techniques, the issue of preventing deformities after tissue removal during breast surgery remains open. To eliminate deformations, various types of transplants were considered: autografts (autologous fat), allografts (alloplant), materials of non-biological origin (polyacrylamide gel, silicone gel) and natural polymers (hyaluronic acid). |
| Возможности использования брахитерапии при немелкоклеточном раке легкого / А. И. Арсеньев [и др.] // Вопросы онкологии. – 2024. – Т. 70, № 2. – С. 212–223.
(Возможности использования брахитерапии при лечении немелкоклеточного |
The literature review is dedicated to analysing the feasibility, efficacy and safety of using brachytherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. A small number of publications highlighting this issue attract attention. It is shown that the method can be implemented with different isotopes and radiation dose rate options from ultra-low to high. There are three main approaches to brachytherapy in thoracic oncology: intraoperative, interstitial and intraluminal. A number of clinical trials, prospective randomised trials and meta-analyses have shown that brachytherapy significantly increases objective response, local control and survival rates in both localised and widespread disease, with acceptable side effects. The focus is on the possibilities of using intraluminal endobronchial brachytherapy in central lung cancer with lesions of the large bronchi and trachea as part of radical, palliative and symptomatic treatment. It has been shown that it is preferable to use equipment with a high dose rate source in order to shorten the duration of the sessions and reduce patient pain. It is a reasonable method when the options of radiotherapy and chemotherapy have been exhausted. It is recommended that the appropriateness of endobronchial brachytherapy be determined on an individual basis. The own data show that median survival in the endobronchial brachytherapy group was 19 months versus 8 months in the no brachytherapy group, 1-year overall survival was 68 % versus 33 %, and 2-year survival was 37 % versus 8 %. One of the indications for palliative use of the method is endobronchial obstruction, especially recurrent. It is recommended that new randomized controlled trials (RCTs) be conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the method. Improvements in brachytherapy outcomes can be achieved through the use of modern hightech equipment, improved planning systems, radiation dose calculation methods, fractionation mode and optimization of combination with systemic treatment. |
| Синдром низкой передней резекции после операций по поводу рака прямой кишки низкой локализации: обзор литературы / А. А. Захаренко [и др.] // Вопросы онкологии. – 2024. – Т. 70, № 2. – С. 224–232.
(Low Anterior Resection Syndrome after Surgeries for Distal Rectal Cancer: Literature Review) |
Colorectal cancer by its prevalence is one of the leading in the structure of oncological diseases, while rectal cancer accounts for more than a third of all cases. Surgical treatment, including total mesenteric excision, in combination with neoad-juvant radiotherapy, is the standard treatment for distal rectal cancer. The literature suggests that up to 90 % of patients un-dergoing anterior rectal resection report various manifestations of bowel dysfunction in the postoperative period, collectively referred to as low anterior resection syndrome (LARS). The severity of functional disorders in this syndrome varies in se-verity and is assessed by the LARS scale, while the severity of the syndrome correlates with a decrease in the quality of life of patients. The main etiological factors of development are sphincter nerve damage and mechanical damage to the sphinc-ter. Management of LARS is generally divided into 3 lines of treatment, ranging from conservative and biofeedback therapy to sacral nerve stimulation, and creation of a permanent stoma for patients with more persistent or intractable symptoms be-yond 2 years of therapy. |
| Аблационные технологии в лечении рака молочной железы: обзор литературы / К. С. Николаев [и др.] // Вопросы онкологии. – 2024. – Т. 70, № 2. – С. 233–247.
(Ablative Technologies in the Treatment of Breast Cancer: A Literature Review) |
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor among women. New technologies and BC screening have led to early detection of the disease over the past two decades. As a result, percutaneous minimally invasive techniques (PMIT) are increasingly being considered to treat patients who are unsuitable for surgery, as well as women who refuse surgery or elderly patients with significant comorbidities for whom surgery may be a life-threatening treatment option. The main candidates for PMIT are patients with small-sized earlystage BC. The main aim of these techniques is to achieve an equally effective treatment outcome as standard surgery. Minimally invasive treatments offer a convenient alternative with promising efficacy, lower cost, less scarring and pain, and more satisfactory cosmetic results. Ablative techniques used for BC are cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), and laser ablation. This article aims to discuss various PMIT in the treatment of BC, to evaluate their clinical outcomes and to analyze the future prospects of ablation therapy in BC treatment. |
| Колтакова, А. Д. Воспалительная ревматическая патология как осложнение гормонотерапии рака молочной железы / А. Д. Колтакова, А. М. Лила // Вопросы онкологии. – 2024. – Т. 70, № 2. – С. 259–266.
(Inflammatory Rheumatic Disorders as a Complication of Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer) |
Hormone-sensitive breast cancer (HSC) is a common neoplastic disorder. HSC treatment involves endocrine therapy, which is strongly associated with joint pain. The cause of arthralgia in these patients is still unclear, but there are indications that it may be inflammation driven. The article presents the current understanding of this issue and highlights the pathophysiological mechanisms of the autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathology development in BC patients receiving estrogen deprivation therapy |
| Матылевич, О. П. Радикальная гистерэктомия: обзор клетчатомных пространств, анатомии женского таза и классификаций / О. П. Матылевич, А. С. Гришель, С. А. Мавричев // Евразийский онкологический журнал. – 2024. – Т. 12, № 2. – С. 182–192.
(Radical Hysterectomy: Review of Cellular Spaces, Female Pelvic Anatomy and Classifications) |
Radical hysterectomy combined with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy is the standard surgical treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer. However, there are significant differences in the terminological assessment of the topographic-anatomical structures that form the cellular spaces of the pelvis, the definitions of the ligamentous complex of the pelvic fascia and several classifications of radical hysterectomies. Standardization of approaches is necessary for uniformity in the formation and writing of surgical protocols, as well as understanding the results of international clinical trials. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to provide historical background regarding cervical cancer surgery, modern nomenclature of the contents of cellular spaces and the anatomy of the female pelvis, as well as a description of existing classifications of radical hysterectomies. |
| Шаханова, Ш. Ш. Выживаемость пациентов с меланомой кожи в зависимости от сроков беременности, стадии болезни и прерывания беременности / Ш. Ш. Шаханова, Н. М. Рахимов // Евразийский онкологический журнал. – 2024. – Т. 12, № 2. – С. 193–201.
(Survival Rate of Patients with Melanoma of the Skin Depending on the Duration of Pregnancy, Stage of the Disease and Termination of Pregnancy) |
Malignant melanoma is one of the fastest growing neoplasms that develops during pregnancy. Traditionally, it has been established that pregnant women at the time of diagnosis have a less favorable prognosis for the development of melanoma than non-pregnant women. In addition, subsequent pregnancies were thought to increase the frequency of relapses of the disease. There is a very small amount of work in this direction, however, some authors of retrospective studies show that pregnant women have a higher risk of developing melanoma than non-pregnant women. Other authors note the presence of sex hormone receptors in melanoma tissue, suggesting its hormone sensitivity. However, there are a number of studies that do not support these findings. |
| Агафонова, Ю. А. Основные аспекты приверженности лечению пероральными противоопухолевыми препаратами: обзор литературы / Ю. А. Агафонова, А. В. Снеговой, В. В. Омельяновский // Медицинский совет. – 2023. – Т. 17, № 22. – С. 161–171. – DOI 10.21518/ms2023-422.
(Key aspects of medication adherence to oral anticancer drugs: A literature review) |
At least 25% of the anticancer drugs are intended for oral use, while the creation and rapid introduction of oral drugs into clinical practice is constantly growing. Between 2006 and 2021, 80 oral forms of anticancer drugs were approved. It has been shown that patients prefer oral therapy to intravenous therapy if such a replacement is possible with equal efficacy and toxicity of the drugs. This once again emphasizes that the issue of adherence to treatment with oral forms is open and relevant for study. Currently, adherence, as the main factor in achieving the best clinical outcome, has been studied from different perspectives. However, there are no structured data globally, and, accordingly, evidence-based and specific recommendations in the absence of adherence. The review includes data from studies performed over the past 10 years, studying the adherence of patients to treatment with oral anticancer drugs. The data sources for the review were the Medline, Embase, and Scopus databases. Literature analysis showed that the most important aspects in the field of adherence to treatment with oral anticancer drugs include the level of patient adherence to treatment, factors affecting non-compliance, correlation of treatment adherence and clinical outcomes in malignant neoplasms. At the same time, the article considers the impact of non-compliance on the health care system as a whole. The most reliable and up-to-date data in the study area were examined to subsequently identify measures aimed at achieving the best practice in the organization of healthcare for patients with malignant neoplasms. The research results demonstrate the variability and heterogeneity of data, the lack of unified methodological approaches. In turn, this prevents the formation of objective and reliable conclusions about adherence. To make rational strategic decisions on monitoring adherence to treatment, it is necessary to initiate large-scale studies, adopt uniform standard procedures and recommendations for assessing adherence. |
| Диффузионно-взвешенная магнитно-резонансная томография при неходжкинских лимфомах. Обзор литературы и собственный клинический опыт / С. А. Алексеев [и др.] // Гематология. Трансфузиология. Восточная Европа. – 2023. – Т. 9, № 4. – С. 457–465.
(Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas. Literature Review and Own Clinical Experience) |
This literature review is devoted to analyzing the possibilities of using one of the modern available methods of radiodiagnosis in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma to evaluate treatment and detect relapse of the disease. This is a whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWMRI) technique that is gaining popularity and is a possible alternative to current conventional techniques such as CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT. The review discusses not only the advantages of the method, but also the disadvantages and pitfalls that the diagnostician has to face. |
| Фотодинамическая терапия злокачественных опухолей головного мозга (литературный обзор) / А. У. Х. Шахманаева [и др.] // Вестник неврологии, психиатрии и нейрохирургии. – 2023. – Т. 16, № 11. – С. 954–966
(Photodynamic therapy of malignant brain tumors (literature review)) |
Primary brain malignancies are among the 17 most common tumor types worldwide, and about 77 % of them are glial tumors. An integrated approach to the treatment of these pathologies, including total resection of tumor tissue and postoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy, is aimed at prolonging the patient’s life as much as possible. However, even when using the «gold standard» in treatment, the average life expectancy of patients with glioblastoma is 14.6 months, and of patients with diffuse astrocytoma — 50.5 months. The use of selective methods of influencing tumor cells, including photodynamic therapy, is a current trend in neuro-oncology. Several controlled studies have demonstrated a statistically significant effect of photodynamic therapy in increasing the life expectancy of patients with high-grade gliomas compared with conventional treatment. This review is devoted to the analysis of the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy and fluorescence-guided resection in the treatment of high-grade glial tumors for further search for ways to improve these treatment methods in order to enhance the radicality of tumor removal and increase the duration and quality of life of patients. |
| Водолеев, А. С. Холангиоскопия в диагностике и лечении злокачественных новообразований желчных протоков / А. С. Водолеев, Е. В. Гончар // Онкология. Журнал имени П. А. Герцена. – 2023. – Т. 12, № 5. – С. 71–78.
(Cholangioscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant neoplasms of the bile duct) |
The diagnosis and treatment of malignant bile duct neoplasms are still the subject of discussions among oncologists, surgeons, endoscopists, and morphologists. The use of clarifying diagnostic methods that assist not only in estimating the extent of the oncological process, but also in obtaining a sufficient amount of material for morphological confirmation of the diagnosis is a cornerstone in the treatment of this group of patients. Repeated endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in combination with an X-ray guided biopsy frequently fails to yield a desired result, whereas assessment of the extent bile duct mass on the basis of the data of only modern radiation diagnostic methods leads to R1 resections in 10—21% of cases. This review article is devoted to the history of development of intraductal endoscopy and to its modern views in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant neoplasms of the bile duct. Particular emphasis is placed on the developments of endoscopic semiotics, on the estimation of the extent of the tumor process and the specific features of minimally invasive surgical interventions using cholangioscopy. |
| Брицкая, Н. Н. Хирургическое лечение рецидивной внутрипеченочной холангиокарциномы (систематический обзор литературы) / Н. Н. Брицкая, Д. В. Фисенко, М. Г. Ефанов // Злокачественные опухоли. – 2023. – Т. 13, № 3. – С. 49–55.
(Surgical treatment of recurrent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (systematic review)) |
Liver resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is accompanied by a high recurrence rate (up to 70 %) in the first 2 years after surgery. The results of treatment of recurrent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma are evaluated inconsistently.
Aim: The results of repeated liver resections and methods of locoregional therapy for reccurent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were analysed based on literature data. Materials and methods: Two publication databases have been used for search: PubMed and Google Scholar. Finally, 35 papers published from 2010 to 2022 were included in review. Results: Repeated liver resections followed by chemotherapy provide better long-term results compared to other methods of local therapy and systemic drug treatment. The rate of perioperative morbidity does not differ from resections for primary tumors. Repeat liver resection is possible in a limited number of patients (8–10 %). Thorough selection of patients is necessary in terms of prognosis and biological behavior of the tumor. Conclusion: Evidence for the benefit of resections in the treatment of recurrent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is based on a scarse number of studies analyzing relatively small and heterogeneous patient cohorts. Patient selection is needed, the criteria for which are still being discussed. |
| HIPEC и PIPAC при раке желудка: методика и сравнение эффективности. Обзор литературы / С. В. Осминин [и др.] // Злокачественные опухоли. – 2023. – Т. 13, № 4. – С. 37–45.
(HIPEC and PIPAC for gastric cancer: technique and comparison of efficacy. Literature review) |
Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) data, gastric cancer (GC) was the 5th most common cancer and the 4th leading cause of cancer death worldwide in 2020. Peritoneal metastases (PM) are associated with a poor prognosis and detected in 30 % of patients with locally advanced GC; the median overall survival in patients with PM is 3–6 months without any treatment and 6–12 months with the use of systemic chemotherapy. Delivery of appropriate chemotherapeutic drugs directly into the abdominal cavity increases the effectiveness of treatment without severe systemic side effects. Today, various forms of intra-abdominal chemotherapy of PM are used in the world. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) and aerosol intraperitoneal pressure chemotherapy (PIPAC) in the treatment of GC PM. Purposes: To review current domestic and foreign publications on HIPEC and PIPAC, to compare their efficacy. Materials and methods: Articles in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science databases were studied and analyzed for the key queries: “stomach cancer”, “carcinomatosis”, “peritoneal metastases”, “HIPEC”, “PIPAC”. Conclusions: The best results were achieved when using PIPAC as preoperative chemotherapy, followed by cytoreductive surgery in combination with HIPEC. Both procedures are promising and require further study with multicenter randomized prospective trials to assess their therapeutic potential. |
| Москвичева, Л. И. Высокоинтенсивная фокусированная ультразвуковая терапия в лечении больных десмоидной фибромой / Л. И. Москвичева // Онкология. Журнал имени П. А. Герцена. – 2023. – Т. 12, № 6. – С. 68–74.
(High-intensity focused ultrasound therapy in the treatment of patients with desmoid fibromatosis) |
Desmoid fibromatosis remains a relatively rare tumor, which has led to significant challenges in its study. Despite its lack of metastatic potential, these tumors exhibit aggressive local destructive growth, low sensitivity to therapy, frequent recurrence, and a pronounced impact on the functional status of patients. Currently, the main treatment options for desmoid fibromatosis include resection surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic drug therapy. Increasingly, the possibilities of various physical destruction methods are being explored, one of which is high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy. This work presents modern data on the epidemiology, anatomy, and morphology of desmoid tumors, as well as a comprehensive description of the experiences of foreign researchers regarding the effectiveness and safety of high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy using various types of devices in patients with desmoid fibromatosis of various locations. |
| Лейомиосаркома нижней полой вены (обзор литературы) / Б. Н. Гурмиков [и др.] // Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия. – 2023. – Т. 29, № 4. – С. 150–160. | Лейомиосаркома нижней полой вены – редкая злокачественная опухоль, развивающаяся из гладкомышечных клеток. Работа посвящена обзору мировой литературы по данной патологии. Представлены историческая справка, этиология, классификация, диагностика, современные методы лечения и отдаленные результаты. Наибольшее внимание в статье уделено хирургическим аспектам лечения лейомиосаркомы в зависимости от сегмента поражения нижней полой вены: нижний – ниже уровня впадения почечных вен; средний -включающий устья почечных и печеночных вен; верхний – надпеченочный сегмент. |
| Новиков, Р. В. Брахитерапия рака прямой кишки: сравнительная характеристика методик (обзор литературы) / Р. В. Новиков, С. Н. Новиков // Колопроктология. – 2023. – Т. 22, № 3. – С. 158–175.
(Brachytherapy of rectal cancer: comparative |
Анализ литературы свидетельствует об отсутствии отечественных публикаций, освещающих роль брахитерапии в лечении больных раком прямой кишки (РПК). Целью представленной работы явилась необходимость восполнить этот пробел и систематизировать имеющуюся информацию относительно различных аспектов клинического применения двух основных вариантов брахитерапии РПК. |
| Церковский, Д. А. Радиодинамическая терапия в экспериментальной и клинической онкологии: основы метода и результаты исследований (обзор литературы) / Д. А. Церковский, А. Н. Мазуренко, Ф. Ф. Боричевский // Онкологический журнал. – 2023. – Т. 17, № 3–4. – С. 63–71.
(Radiodynamic therapy in experimental and clinical oncology: fundamentals of the method and research results (literature review) |
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in interest in the use of photosensitizers (PS) used for photodynamic therapy, other physical factors (magnetic fields, ultrasound and hyperthermia) for the purpose of activation. One of these is radiodynamic therapy (RDT) – a new direction of scientific research in experimental oncology, based on the combined use of PS and ionizing radiation. In the available literature there are few publications devoted to the study of the radiodynamic activity of PS «Protoporphyrin IX» (PpIX), «Hematoporphyrin» and «Photofrin II» in an in vitro / in vivo experiment. Taking into account all of the above, an urgent and promising issue is the study, systematization of scientific publications that explore new radiosensitizing properties of various classes of PS in experimental and clinical oncology. |
| Колоректальный рак, ассоциированный с паратгормон-родственным протеином (обзор литературы)
(Colorectal cancer associated with parathyroid hormone-related protein (review)) |
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is associated with various cancer types. This is the first review in the Russian, devoted to this topic, and it is aimed to contribute to the current knowledge about colorectal cancer, by means of summarizing all known information on the topic and identifying future directions for advanced research including on the role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in colorectal oncogenesis, signal channels that participate in mitogenic action of the protein on cancer cells, its effect on tumor angiogenesis. The review includes results of modern research involvement of PTHrP in the formation of chemoresistance of colorectal cancer cells, as well as its influence on the modulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition program and other events, associated with tumor invasion. The review presents information proving that PTHrP is related to colorectal cancer cells becoming of an aggressive phenotype; the work also describes molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. There is a growing interest to use this rather unique protein in therapies, which determines active development of pharmaceutical substances based on analogues of this protein. The final goal is to advance the development of effective therapeutic strategies, which could improve the treatment results of colorectal cancer in patients. |
| Первично-множественные синхронные опухоли: особенности диагностики и лечения / К. С. Титов [и др.] // Онкология. Журнал имени П. А. Герцена. – 2024. – Т. 13, № 1. – С. 63–69.
(Multiple primary synchronous tumors: features of modern diagnosis and treatment) |
In recent decades, there has been an increase in the number of multiple primary malignant tumors. In the Russian Federation in 2021.10% of all newly diagnosed cases accounted for multiple primary tumors (58.217 cases). This is 2.12 times higher than for the same period in 2011 when 24.774 cases were recorded, constituting 4.7% of the total. Treatment of metachronous tumors often involves sequential treatment of each individual neoplasm and does not usually raise significant debates. Conversely, the treatment of synchronous tumors can be challenging. Despite advancements in cancer therapies, the issue of choosing a treatment strategy for synchronous tumors remains unresolved. There are still no unified clinical recommendations for treating this group of patients. Large randomized studies demonstrating the superiority of specific treatment methods and strategies are lacking in contemporary literature. This review analyzes the literature data on the methods used and the treatment outcomes in this group of patients. |
| Михайленко, Д. С. Наследственные онкологические синдромы с повышенным риском развития рака почки / Д. С. Михайленко, Н. А. Горбань, Д. В. Залетаев // Онкоурология. – 2023. – Т. 19, № 3. – С. 133–145.
(Hereditary cancer syndromes with increased risk of renal cancer) |
Renal cancer (RC) is one of the three most common diseases in oncologic urology. Its accurate diagnosis and prognosis remain difficult and important problems. Some cases of RC are associated with hereditary cancer syndromes and are caused by germline mutations. This review describes monogenic forms of hereditary RC (von Hippel–Lindau syndrome, Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome, hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer, hereditary papillary renal carcinoma, BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome) and diseases with several candidate genes (SDH-mutated tumors, tuberous sclerosis complex). Additionally, the review discussesthe increased risk of RC in patients with frequent hereditary cancer syndromes predisposing to the development of a wide range of tumor types: Lynch and Li–Fraumeni syndromes. RC in combination with other carcinomas can develop in patients carrying pathogenic mutations in the candidate genes of different hereditary cancer syndromes – multi-locus inherited neoplasia allele syndrome (MINAS) – which is especially important due to the growing role of high-throughput sequencing in practical oncologic genetics. Additionally, guidelines on modern laboratory genetic diagnostics and active surveillance are presented for each syndrome. |
| Хирургическиe доступы при лечении рака почки, осложненного опухолевым тромбозом нижней полой вены и правого предсердия / Р. Н. Комаров [и др.] // Онкоурология. – 2023. – Т. 19, № 3. – С. 146–152.
(Surgical access in treatment of kidney cancer complicated by tumor thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and right atrium) |
This article discusses the choice of surgical access in renal cancer complicated by tumor thrombus with invasion into the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. This clinical scenario poses a major challenge to the surgeons, as tumor thrombus can obstruct access to the surgical area and increase the risk of complications. This article discusses various surgical access techniques that can be used in treatment of kidney cancer complicated by tumor thrombus of the inferior vena cava and right atrium, including open surgery, robotic surgery, and minimally invasive techniques. An analysis of factors to consider in selection of the optimal surgical access was perfomed. |
| Нефротоксичность комбинированной лекарственной терапии метастатического рака почки / К. С. Титов [и др.] // Онкоурология. – 2023. – Т. 19, № 3. – С. 153–162.
(Nephrotoxicity of combination drug therapy in metastatic renal cancer) |
The review covers reduced kidney function in the context of renal cell carcinoma. According to international studies, some patients already have chronic kidney disease at time of disease onset. Surgical treatment leads to a decrease in the total number of functioning nephrons. Drug therapy causes several adverse events including nephrotoxicity. The review discusses the problem of using combination regimens in patients with solitary kidney |
| Когда проводить лучевую терапию после радикальной простатэктомии? Сравнение адъювантной и спасительной лучевой терапии (обзор литературы) / И. А. Тараки [и др.] // Онкоурология. – 2023. – Т. 19, № 4. – С. 139–147.
(When after radical prostatectomy radiotherapy should be performed? Comparison of adjuvant and salvage radiotherapy (literature review)) |
The question of optimal times and indications for radiotherapy (adjuvant or salvage) after surgical treatment of prostate cancer remains unanswered. Therefore, studies of this problem are essential and important for clinical practice. The article evaluates the effectiveness of adjuvant radiotherapy compared to salvage radiotherapy in the context of recurrence-free survival and associated adverse events. In 3 randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis, adjuvant radiotherapy did not show improved recurrence-free survival compared to salvage radiotherapy. The choice between adjuvant and salvage radiotherapy should be based on individual patient history and the risk of recurrence. Delayed radiotherapy can help some patients to avoid excessive treatment and associated adverse events. |
| Современное представление о биомаркерах рака предстательной железы / С. В. Попов [и др.] // Онкоурология. – 2023. – Т. 19, № 4. – С. 148–157.
(Current understanding of prostate cancer biomarkers) |
Worldwide, prostate cancer has remained one of the most common malignant neoplasms among men and it is accompanied by high mortality rates. Standard methods for diagnosing prostate cancer have limited sensitivity and specificity, unnecessary biopsies are often performed, and the risk of overdiagnosis of the disease and overtreatment of patients is high. The review considers diagnostic and prognostic biological markers of prostate cancer proposed in recent years. Theoretical foundations for the use of new biomarkers are analyzed. The characteristics and practical significance of biomarkers of various groups (immunohistochemical, molecular and genetic, prostate specific antigen-associated, volatile organic metabolites) are presented. The need for further large-scale scientific research in the field of biomarker application in prostate cancer, criteria for their selection and evaluation are described. The introduction of modern diagnostic and prognostic markers into real clinical practice opens up new opportunities for improvement of prostate cancer diagnosis, individual prognosis, and rationalization of treatment strategy. |
| Мустафин, Р. Н. Перспективы эпигенетической иммунотерапии рака почки / Р. Н. Мустафин // Онкоурология. – 2023. – Т. 19, № 4. – С. 158–166.
(Future of epigenetic immunotherapy in kidney cancer) |
In clinical practice, immune checkpoint inhibition based on the use of antibodies against PD-1 (programmed death 1), PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4) is actively used for treatment of kidney cancer. However, objective response to monotherapy with these drugs is observed only in 9–24 % of patients, and combinations with other anticancer drugs in most cases cause severe adverse reactions. At the same time, there is an increased risk of toxic liver damage, immune-dependent pneumonitis, and rash. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new methods of immunotherapy, the most promising of which is the method of viral mimicry based on epigenetic stimulation of retroelement expression. Double-stranded retroelement transcripts activate antiviral interferon response that induces apoptosis of tumor cells. To achieve this, inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase, deacetylase and histone methyltransferase are used which have been successfully applied to treat various malignant neoplasms. In the experiment, DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2-deoxytidine (decitabine) effectively inhibited clear cell renal cell carcinoma cells proliferation which indicates their potential in treatment of kidney cancer. However, similarly to other neoplasms, activation of retroelements in renal cell carcinoma serves as initiator of the tumor process as it leads to increased expression of oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressors, and genomic instability. Therefore, the method of viral mimicry requires a differentiated approach with inhibition of retroelements involved in carcinogenesis and simultaneousstimulation of expression of retrotransposonsthat are not involved in the mechanisms of tumor development and have immunogenic properties. For this, microRNAs derived from transposons can be used as guides for DNA methyltransferases. An analysis of scientific literature revealed 41 such microRNAs of which decreased expression in kidney cancer was established for miR-95, -887, -652, -585, -511, -502, -495, -493, -487b, -335; increased for miR-1249, -1266, -151a, -211, -2114, -2355, -28, -3144, -340, -342, -374a, -374b, -3934, -421, -545, -576, -582, -584, -616, -769; and specific expression in different tumor subtypes for miR-708, -577, -450b, -326, -3200, -31, -224, -192, -1271. Since activation of retroelements can lead to insertions into new genome loci with formation of new mutations involved in carcinogenesis, a promising direction in integrated immunotherapy of kidney cancer is the use of reverse transcriptase inhibitors. |
| Алексеев, Б. Я. Эффективность и безопасность даролутамида как компонента комбинированной терапии у больных раком предстательной железы / Б. Я. Алексеев, В. М. Перепухов, К. М. Нюшко // Онкоурология. – 2023. – Т. 19, № 4. – С. 167–175.
(Effectiveness and safety of darolutamide as a component of combination therapy in patients with prostate cancer) |
Prostate cancer is an extremely important problem in current urologic oncology. For a long time, the golden standard of treatment of common forms of prostate cancer at the stage of distant metastases was androgen deprivation therapy directed at suppression of native testosterone level. Combination treatment using long-term androgen deprivation therapy and new generation antiandrogens is currently a scientifically substantiated conceptually new standard of therapy which has replaced treatment paradigm using androgen deprivation therapy as a monotherapy in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. The article presents the results of large trials performed in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and characterizes the role of one of the most effective and safe drugs, darolutamide, used to treat patients of this subgroup. |
| Моргачева, Д. А. Подходы к диагностике и терапии H3K27M-измененных диффузных срединных глиом у детей: обзор литературы / Д. А. Моргачева, Д. А. Ситовская, Ю. В. Диникина // Онкогематология. – 2023. – Т. 18, № 4. – С. 104–114.
(Diagnostic and therapeutical approaches to H3K27M-altered diffuse midline glioma in children: a review) |
H3K27M-altered diffuse midline gliomas are the most devastating pediatric brain tumors. These tumors are characterized by lesion of central nervous system midline structures, diffuse infiltrative growth and fatal prognosis. The pathogenesis of H3K27M-altered diffuse midline glioma is based on unique epigenetic and genetic changes which are associated with histone 3 (H3) alterations. Clinical disease course usually is non-specific, that could hamper diagnosis establishment and defines high prevalence of disseminated tumor stages. Diagnostic approach includes neuroimaging, various laboratory and molecular methods, including high throughput sequencing, which allows finding potential targets for precise therapy. Despite the availability of anti-tumor technologies, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the standard of care for H3K27M-altered diffuse midline glioma is radiation therapy, which does not allow achieving long-term event-free survival. A dismal prognosis and absence of curative options for these tumors determine the necessity of new treatment methods search that could improve patients’ outcome. In this article we present current worldwide data of the diagnosis and treatment trends in H3K27M-altered diffuse midline glioma. |
| Огородников, В. А. Комплексная реабилитация пациентов с распространенным раком желудка, получающих иммунотерапевтическое или химиоиммунотерапевтическое системное лекарственное лечение (обзор) / В. А. Огородников, А. С. Мочалова, М. С. Суетина // Физиотерапевт. – 2024. – № 1. – С. 105–114.
(Comprehensive rehabilitation of patients with advanced gastric cancer receiving systemic immunotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy (review)) |
In recent years, rehabilitation of cancer patients has received increasing attention in routine practice. Given the diversity of oncological pathology and related therapeutic tactics, various approaches to medical rehabilitation are being actively studied around the world. Oncologists and rehabilitation specialists note the direct impact of these programs on the quality of life of patients, preservation of their functions, adaptation in society, and side effects associated with antitumor treatment. The development, scientific substantiation, and implementation of rehabilitation programs to improve the quality of life of patients, as well as the results of special antitumor therapy are the subject of research and are not part of mandatory standards or clinical recommendations for providing care to cancer patients. This paper presents the rehabilitation experience of researchers in clinical oncological practice with gastric cancer patients receiving standard systemic immunotherapy. Conclusion. The research shows that patients with gastric cancer require comprehensive rehabilitation, which includes nutritional support, physical rehabilitation, psychological support, electrolyte control, and physiotherapy. Active analysis and study of comprehensive rehabilitation in gastric cancer may not only help improve understanding of the impact of this approach on treatment outcomes, quality of life and overall well-being of patients, but also contribute to the development of more effective models of integrated care for patients with gastric cancer. |
| Значимость в клинической практике биопсии сигнального лимфатического узла при плоскоклеточном раке кожи головы и шеи / И. М. Гельфанд [и др.] // Опухоли головы и шеи. – 2023. – Т. 13, № 4. – С. 116–123.
(The importance in clinical practice of the signal lymph node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck) |
Skin cancer is the second most common tumor among non-melanoma malignant skin neoplasms, accounting for 20 % of cases. In the Russian federation in 2022, this pathology was identified in 79,124 people. The peak incidence occurs in the age range of 60–70 years. Considering the increasing life expectancy, the incidence of skin cancer is expected to rise. Despite the fact that regional metastases occur in 0.3–16 % of cases, the risk of metastasis can increase up to 48 % depending on high-risk factors. Since the presence of regional metastases is a key prognostic factor, special attention should be given to preventive interventions in the areas of regional metastasis. |
| Современные возможности коррекции менопаузальных симптомов у больных раком молочной железы с учетом молекулярно-биологических характеристик опухоли (обзор литературы) / И. В. Высоцкая [и др.] // Опухоли женской репродуктивной системы. – 2023. – Т. 19, № 3. – С. 43–53.
(Modern possibilities for the correction of menopausal symptoms in patients with breast cancer, depending on the molecular biological characteristics of the tumor (literature review)) |
Breast cancer (BC) ranks first in cancer incidence among women. For successful treatment of BC, depending on the molecular type and stage of the disease, chemotherapy is used, the side effects of which are manifested by menopausal symptoms, sexual dysfunction, and depressive states. However, not all patients after BC receive appropriate therapy for menopausal symptoms, what significantly worsens their quality of life. One of the symptoms that brings the most severe discomfort is the vasomotor symptom, a form of temperature dysfunction with peripheral vasodilation and increased cutaneous blood flow that results in increased heat loss. There are several types of drugs that are used to prevent menopausal symptoms in patients taking endocrine chemotherapy, many of which are in the experimental phase of development. In this review, we will try to identify proven effective and safe methods for correcting menopausal symptoms in women who underwent chemotherapy and endocrine therapy for BC. |
| Кедрова, А. Г. Комбинация нетупитант / палоносетрон (НЕПА; Акинзео®) в профилактике тошноты и рвоты у больных раком молочной железы, получающих антрациклинсодержащую химиотерапию / А. Г. Кедрова, А. И. Беришвили // Опухоли женской репродуктивной системы. – 2023. – Т. 19, № 3. – С. 54–62.
(Netupitant/palonosetron (NEPA; Akynzeo®) combination in prevention of the nausea and vomiting in patients with breast cancer receiving anthracyclinbased chemotherapy) |
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting is a common problem during cancer treatment, especially in breast cancer patients with anthracycline/cyclophosphamide (АС) chemotherapy. Netupitant/palonosetron (NEPA; Akynzeo®) is a fixed-dose combination of two drugs (netupitant, a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist; and palonosetron, a serotonin 3 receptor antagonist) which target two diferent signalling pathways involved in the induction of vomiting. Approved for use in the prevention of acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in adults, netupitant/palonosetron is given orally or via intravenous infusion as a single dose prior to chemotherapy. In clinical trials, high proportions of patients who received netupitant/palonosetron (used in combination with the corticosteroid dexamethasone) prior to chemotherapy reported no vomiting, no requirement for rescue medication, and no signifcant nausea in the 5 days post chemotherapy. Both the oral and intravenous formulations of the drug combination are well tolerated. Thus, netupitant/palonosetron is a simple, convenient and efective drug combination for the prevention of acute and delayed xhemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients receiving chemotherapy that has a moderate to high emetogenic potential. |
| Колядина, И. В. Трастузумаб дерукстекан в лечении больных распространенным раком молочной железы с HER2-low экспрессией: по следам исследований последних лет / И. В. Колядина // Опухоли женской репродуктивной системы. – 2023. – Т. 19, № 3. – С. 63–76.
(Trastuzumab deruxtecan in the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer with HER2‑low expression: Recent studies review) |
The review gives the definition of HER2‑low status, shows its clinical and biological role in patients with advanced breast cancer. A unique mechanism of action of trastuzumab deruxtecan and potential for its use in advanced breast cancer with HER2‑low expression are described. The key results of the open multicenter phase III DESTINY-Breast04 (DB-04) trial including safety data are presented. Results on the effectiveness of the drug in patients with markers of hormone resistance first presented in 2023 and the place of trastuzumab deruxtecan in the updated ESMO 2023 algorithm of hormone-positive breast cancer treatment are considered. |
| Эпидемиологические аспекты заболеваемости раком шейки матки и смертности от него (обзор литературы) / Г. З. Кулиева [и др.] // Опухоли женской репродуктивной системы. – 2023. – Т. 19, № 3. – С. 77–84.
(Epidemiological aspects of the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer (literature review)) |
A review of domestic and foreign literature was carried out. Statistical analysis of the available literature showed that at present, despite the improvement of screening programs around the world, there is a steady increase in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in women of reproductive age with a high percentage of patients with advanced forms, whose proportion is 32 %. The percentage of deaths during the year since the verification of the disease in 2020 was 12.6 %. In the structure of mortality in the Russian population, malignant diseases occupy the second ranking place, accounting for 13.6 % after diseases of the cardiovascular system – 43.9 %. Diseases of the female reproductive system account for 18.2 %. At the same time, cervical cancer in the overall structure of oncological morbidity occupies the 4th ranking place, and among the organs of the reproductive system – the 2nd place – 13.3 %, yielding to breast cancer (47.8 %). These figures reflect the lack of implemented programs aimed at reducing the incidence of cervical cancer. |
| Возможности диагностических методов в предоперационной оценке распространенности при билиарном раке – литературный обзор / А. Н. Поляков [и др.] // Вопросы онкологии. – 2024. – Т. 70, № 1. – С. 27–34.
(Diagnostic Options in Preoperative Assessment of Tumor Spread in Biliary Cancer — a Literature Review) |
Aim – to define the role of preoperative screening in biliary cancer (BC) patients. Surgery is a radical treatment for BC, and it is usually performed for patients with localized BC. Standard radiological diagnostic methods, primarily CT and MRI, allow to evaluate the primary tumor, vascular invasion, and to detect regional and distant metastases. MRI is more appropriate for the evaluation of intrahepatic spread; the accuracy in the diagnosis of true multiple liver lesions in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma reaches 100 %. MRI is useful to determine the degree of bile ducts involvement. CT is more preferable for the diagnosis of extrahepatic metastases. It has a higher specificity (80.7 % vs. 72.9 %, p = 0.01) in the detection of lymph node metastases with similar sensitivity to MRI. CT also allows more accurate assessment of vascular invasion and the involvement of adjacent tissues with a sensitivity of up to 90 %. Even when CT and MRI are used together in BC patients, still 25−30 % of patients cannot be diagnosed as unresectable before laparotomy. If metastases are suspected, it is advisable to use PET/CT. The sensitivity of PET/CT in detecting metastases ranges from 30 to 88 %; however, the method has a high specificity, above 90 %. There are supporters of a wider use of diagnostic laparoscopy in gallbladder cancer, as well as in extrahepatic BC, attributing their position to the high, up to 27 %, rate of implantation metastases. However, not everyone shares this opinion, noting a low, at the rate of a few percent, frequency of detection of peritoneal tumor deposits in BC and increasing possibilities of non-invasive diagnostic methods. |
| Башмакова, Е. Е. Белок с меланома-ингибирующей активностью (MIA) как мишень для диагностики и терапии онкологических заболеваний (обзор литературы) / Е. Е. Башмакова, Л. А. Франк // Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. – 2024. – Т. 69, № 3. – С. 116–124.
() |
Меланома относится к опухолям, характеризующимся ранним метастазированием и высокой смертностью пациентов. Резистентность клеток меланомы и отсутствие эффективных терапевтических методов существенно осложняют ее лечение. Одним из потенциальных маркеров, указывающих на ее клинические проявления, в частности прогрессирование и развитие отдаленных метастазов, является белок с меланома-ингибирующей активностью MIA (Melanoma Inhibitory Activity protein). Открытие и изучение механизма действия этого белка были проведены при исследовании меланомы, что предопределило направление последующих работ по оценке его влияния на развитие и течение именно данного заболевания. В данном обзоре приводится информация о структуре и функциях белка MIA, его использовании в качестве диагностической мишени меланомы и индикатора терапевтического ответа на некоторые препараты, применяемые для лечения меланомы. В настоящее время стали появляться работы, в которых уровень MIA оценивают и при других заболеваниях, так, в обзоре представлены данные пока немногочисленных исследований о взаимосвязи MIA с другими типами рака и неонкологическими заболеваниями. Несмотря на очевидную перспективность использования белка MIA в качестве онкомаркера меланомы, значение рекомендованного порогового уровня MIA в сыворотке является пока предметом дискуссии, но при этом MIA может быть удобным инструментом для оценки клинических проявлений меланомы и объектом интереса для создания препаратов, направленных на ингибирование его функции в опухолевых клетках. Поисковая работа была проведена с использованием международных научных баз данных PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Elsevier, а также библиотек elibrary.ru. |
| Даренская, А. Д. Мелкоклеточный рак тела матки: обзор литературы и редкий клинический случай с достижением полного радиологического ответа опухоли на лечение / А. Д. Даренская, Б. М. Медведева, А. А. Румянцев // Онкогинекология. – 2023. – № 4. – С. 23–35.
(Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Endometrium: A Literature Review and a Rare Clinical Case of a Radiologic Complete Response of the Tumor to Treatment) |
Small-cell carcinoma (SCC) of the endometrium is a rare disease the prevalence of which is less than 1 % of all malignant neoplasms of the uterus. Data on small-cell carcinoma (SCC) of the endometrium, published in medical journals, is scarce and generally provide clinical case series descriptions (about 100 observations) or retrospective case-control studies. Due to rare incidence of the disease currently there are no uniform guidelines on the management and treatment of such patients. Most researchers rely on the guidelines developed for small-cell lung carcinoma. This article concerns clinical, pathomorphological and immunohistochemical intricacies of small-cell carcinoma of the endometrium, discusses novel approaches to diagnosis and treatment of this pathology, and reports our own clinical case of small-cell carcinoma of the endometrium with a radiologic complete response of the tumor to the treatment. |
| Аденокарцинома вульвы из маммароподобных желез: редкий клинический случай и обзор современной литературы / Т. Е. Тихомирова [и др.] // Онкогинекология. – 2023. – № 4. – С. 43–52.
(Adenocarcinoma of Mammary Gland Type of the Vulva: Rare Clinical Case and Review of Current Literature) |
Mammary gland adenocarcinoma of the vulva (MPA) is an extremely rare disease. The pathogenesis of this pathology has not been fully studied to date, and treatment, due to the rarity of the described clinical cases, have not been developed. Differential diagnosis is also important, which is aimed, among other things, at excluding metastatic lesions of the vulva. The most important diagnostic criterion is pathomorphological examination with the determination of immunohistochemical markers of the tumor. Our article describes two clinical cases of vulvar cancer from MPA with two different immunohistochemical subtypes. In the fi rst clinical case, the successful experience of treating Her2/neu-positive tumors with surgical treatment, chemotherapy and targeted therapy was described, whereas in the second case, the progression of hormone-dependent vulvar cancer was demonstrated due to the lack of specifi c adjuvant treatment after surgery. In addition, the article provides an overview of modern literature. |
| Нарушение пищевого поведения у онкологических больных (обзор литературы) / Т. Н. Егофаров [и др.] // Онкогинекология. – 2023. – № 4. – С. 63–71.
(Eating Disorders in Cancer Patients (Literature Review)) |
Objective of the study. Anorexia is widespread among cancer patients, however, paradoxical as it may sound, bulimia and psychogenic overeating are also diagnosed in this population of patients. Therefore, the objective of our research was to carry out a systematic analysis of the data available in world literature on the current state of this issue. Materials and Methods. The review comprises the data of foreign and Russian scholarly articles found in Library, PubMed, Medline on the subject, published over the past 20 years. Results. Based on the findings, the article presents an up-to-date concept of the development of eating disorders in cancer patients, discusses the causes of this condition. It has been shown that eating disorders occur in 50 % of patients, and in many cases they are associated with psychological problems of patients. This necessitates psychological support and treatment. In the course of the work with a psychologist, psychosocial signifi cance of food is analyzed, the deviant form of eating behaviour is changed to an adequate one, aimed at maintaining energy and plastic balance. Conclusion. Therefore, the role of a psychologist in correcting eating disorders in cancer patients is very important as it can improve the quality of life and adherence to treatment, so it is necessary to continue further research in this area. |
| Колоректальный рак и микробиота кишечника / И. А. Еремеева [и др.] // Онкология. Журнал имени П. А. Герцена. – 2024. – Т. 13, № 2. – C. 60–66.
(Colorectal cancer and gut microbiota) |
It is impossible to deny the significant influence of microorganisms inhabiting the human body on physiological and biochemical processes in the host organism. Each year, more scientific research emerges, demonstrating the importance of the microbiota in the development of common diseases such as obesity, diabetes, colitis, and others. Over time, compelling evidence has been accumulated regarding the pathogenetic role of the bacterial component of the gut microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). To address the current issues in this field, we analyzed publications in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase databases containing fundamental data on the potential role of microorganisms inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract in carcinogenesis. The review describes the main types of gut microbiota, methods of their study, and the biological mechanisms capable of influencing the onset and progression of malignant tumors. The analysis indicates the interconnection of certain bacteria with the development of neoplasms in the colon, emphasizing the relevance of developing CRC screening methods based on the study of gut microflora. |
| Долгополов, И. С. Бесконтрольное ингибирование контрольных точек / И. С. Долгополов, М. Ю. Рыков // Онкология. Журнал имени П. А. Герцена. – 2024. – Т. 13, № 2. – C. 67–73.
(Uncontrolled inhibition of checkpoints) |
Within the framework of the existing paradigm of combined treatment, it is possible to identify groups of patients whose chances of cure range from 75 to 90% for certain nosologies, the prevalence of the process, primary response, radicality of the operation, and in some cases for the receptor repertoire and characteristic changes in the tumor cell genome: hematologic malignancies, some solid tumors. However, the modern concept of treatment based on chemotherapy has fully realized its potential. New chemotherapeutic agents do not meet the expectations placed on them. Targeted drugs, CAR T-cells, various cytokines, and checkpoint inhibitors have entered the practice of an oncologist. The creation and implementation of a «golden immunological bullet» that destroys only tumor cells, controls relapse, and does not damage healthy tissues, unfortunately, is impossible due to the lack of specific target receptors on malignant cells and their biological heterogeneity. The concept of a «golden bullet,» if at all possible, implies personalized medicine, as it is unlikely that targets common to all patients, even with similar tumor types, can be identified. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) into practice is a step towards forming an innovative treatment paradigm, although it does not solve many issues related to the effectiveness of drugs for different types of tumors and their acute and delayed toxicity. |
| Современные методы лечения пациентов с метастазами увеальной меланомы в печени / В. М. Унгурян [и др.] // Онкология. Журнал имени П. А. Герцена. – 2024. – Т. 13, № 2. – C. 74–84.
(Modern treatment methods for patients with liver metastases from uveal melanoma) |
Uveal melanoma is a rare malignant neoplasm originating from the uveal tract of the eye. The liver is the most common site of metastasis, occurring in 70—90% of cases and becoming the sole site of metastasis in approximately 50% of observations. This literature review presents modern methods for treating liver metastases from uveal melanoma: immunotherapy, targeted therapy, oncolytic adenovirus therapy, chemoembolization, transarterial chemoembolization, drug-eluting bead therapy, immunoembolization, radioembolization, thermal ablation, isolated hepatic perfusion. The conclusion is drawn about the highest efficacy, safety, and availability of isolated hepatic perfusion compared to other treatment methods. |
| Осложненные формы рака желудка – современные подходы к лечению / С. А. Тарасов [и др.] // Хирургия. Журнал имени Н. И. Пирогова. – 2024. – № 4. – С. 125–140.
(Complicated gastric cancer and modern treatment approaches) |
Among all patients with gastric cancer, 40% admit to the hospitals due to cancer-related complications. The most common complications of gastric cancer are bleeding (22—80%), malignant gastric outlet obstruction (26—60%), and perforation (less than 5%). The main treatment methods for gastric cancer complicated by bleeding are various forms of endoscopic hemostasis, transarterial embolization and external beam radiotherapy. Surgical treatment is possible in case of ineffective management. However, surgical algorithm is not standardized. Malignant gastric outlet stenosis requires decompression: endoscopic stenting, palliative gastroenterostomy. Surgical treatment is also possible (gastrectomy, proximal or distal resection of the stomach). The main problem for patients with complicated gastric cancer is the lack of standardized algorithms and abundance of potential surgical techniques. The aim of our review is to systematize available data on the treatment of complicated gastric cancer and to standardize existing methods. |
| Шацких, А. В. Морфологические особенности ретинобластомы – первичные и вторичные изменения глаз. Практические вопросы / А. В. Шацких // Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии. – 2024. – Т. 11, № 1. – С. 44–51.
(Morphological features of retinoblastoma – primary and secondary eye changes. Practical issues) |
A retrospective analysis of histological studies of 60 enucleated eyes with a clinical diagnosis of the retinoblastoma (Rb) was carried out. The article presents a summary data on changes in the retina, choroid, iris, sclera, optic nerve and other structures of the eye affected by the tumor, signs of the Rb aggression, and ways of extrabulbar spread. A standardized protocol for morphological examination of the eyes with Rb was used in the study. Attention was paid to the histological signs of therapeutic pathomorphosis of the Rb, secondary glaucoma and subatrophy of the eyeball. The article also contains recommendations about macro- and microscopic examination of the eyeball with intraocular tumor – Rb. |
| Изменения в клинических рекомендациях по лечению колоректального рака в 2024 году / С. С. Гордеев [и др.] // Хирургия и онкология. – 2024. – Т. 14, № 1. – С. 21–31.
(Changes in clinical guidelines for the treatment of colorectal cancer in 2024) |
Aim. The ensuring that changes to clinical guidelines can be discussed more widely before they are formally introduced into clinical practice. Materials and methods. A brief review of the literature and rationale for each proposed major change in the treatment section is presented. The refusal to carry out preoperative radiation therapy for cancer of the upper ampullary rectum, the narrowing of indications for preoperative radiation therapy for cancer of the mid-ampullary rectum, as well as the expansion of indications for total non-adjuvant chemotherapy for rectal cancer with damage to the circular resection margin are discussed. Changes to the drug treatment section are discussed. Results. This article presents planned changes to clinical guidelines for the treatment of non-metastatic colorectal cancer in 2024. The most significant alterations concerned neoadjuvant treatment of rectal cancer and adjuvant treatment of colon cancer. A new algorithm was proposed for choosing rectal cancer neoadjuvant therapy, considering individual treatment decisions. Conclusion. A consensus was achieved concerning the necessity to expand indications for neoadjuvant rectal cancer chemotherapy, but only in patients with good functional status. The most benefit can be achieved in patients, for whom complete clinical response is the aim of the treatment and in patients with positive circumferential resection margin. |
| Куканова, А. М. Клинико-эпидемиологические и генетические особенности колоректального рака / А. М. Куканова, А. Т. Бекишева, А. К. Макишев // Хирургия и онкология. – 2024. – Т. 14, № 1. – С. 32–37.
(Clinical, epidemiological and genetic features of colorectal cancer) |
Introduction. The incidence of colorectal cancer for 2020 was 1931590 cases, which is 10 % of all new cases of incidence, and mortality from colorectal cancer ranks 2nd among cancer deaths, it is 935 173 cases (9.4 %) according to Globocan 2020. According to statistics of the Kazakh Research Institute of Oncology and Radiology for 2019–2020 сolorectal cancer ranks 3rd in the structure of oncopathology, both in terms of morbidity and mortality. The occurrence of colorectal cancer is associated with an interaction that occurs at several levels between hereditary, environmental and individual factors. Understanding the molecular basis is important because it can identify factors that initiate development, maintain progression, and determine response or resistance to anticancer agents. Aim. To describe the main genetic mutations and their impact on treatment prognosis, diagnosis and course of colorectal cancer. Materials and methods. A systematic literature review of scientific databases Cochrane, PubMEd, MedLine, Elsevier was carried out. For the main search, the main search terms are formulated: colorectal cancer, mutations in colorectal cancer, molecular genetic studies in colorectal cancer, mutation of the KRAS gene. Also, a time range was set no later than 5 years, i. e. all articles published from 2017 to the current year. Results. The main molecular changes in colorectal cancer are Chromosome instability, microsatellite instability, and abnormal DNA methylation. Suppressor genes, such as Ras, EGFR (Erb-B1), Erb-B2, TGF-alpha, and TGF-beta 1, are also of great importance. Conclusion. Research that contributes to the understanding of the molecular basis of colorectal cancer helps in the early diagnosis of familial cancer, treatment prognosis and a personalized approach to patient treatment. |