| Парвовирусная В19 инфекция: характеристика популяционного иммунитета в мире / О. Н. Никишов [и др.] // Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. – 2024. – Т. 101, № 2. – С. 259–269. (Parvovirus B19 infection: characteristics of population immunity in the world) |
Parvovirus B19 infection (PVI) is one of the relatively new problems in infectology, data on the study of its prevalence in our country began to appear only at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The article presents the results of an analysis of studies from available literature sources highlighting the prevalence of PVI markers at the population level among different social groups of the population at the present stage. The clinical manifestations of PVI are diverse, which requires differential diagnosis, both with exanthemic infectious diseases and with non-infectious pathology. Due to the peculiarity of PVI pathogenesis, it is relevant for various socially significant populations, primarily patients with exanthemic manifestations of various diseases, persons from among blood donors, pregnant women and women planning pregnancy. Furthermore, unlike most countries, our country does not have a system for PVI detecting and reporting in the system of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, which makes it difficult to conduct research on this topic. |
| Бондарева, О. С. Рекомбиназная полимеразная амплификация: характеристика метода и применение в диагностике инфекционных заболеваний / О. С. Бондарева, А. А. Батурин, А. В. Миронова // Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. – 2024. – Т. 101, № 2. – С. 270–280. (Recombinase polymerase amplification: method’s characteristics and applications in diagnostics of infectious diseases ) |
Isothermal amplification techniques have been actively developed in recent years and are gradually introduced into the range of methods for infectious disease diagnostics. One of the fastest isothermal methods is recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). This review contains information about the principle of RPA, the role of individual reaction components and primer design considerations. It provides information on characteristics of various methods of RPA results detection, effects of inhibitors, temperature and agitation on the efficiency of reaction. Approaches to quantitative and multiplex RPA are described, as well as some variants of portable devices designed to identify infectious agents. The conclusion summarizes advantages and disadvantages of RPA in comparison with other amplification methods. |
| Царева, Т. В. Поддесневой микробиом при заболеваниях пародонта и коморбидной патологии (метаанализ) / Т. В. Царева, И. П. Балмасова, В. Н. Царев // Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. – 2024. – Т. 101, № 2. – С. 281–292. (Subgingival microbiome in periodontal disease and comorbid pathology (meta-analysis)) |
The problem of chronic periodontitis (CP) is actively discussed due to the recognition of the fact that periodontal microbial damage is closely related to a number of systemic diseases and probably plays an important role in the occurrence of comorbid pathology.The aim of the meta-analysis was to characterize the composition of the subgingival microbiome and to determine the peculiarities of the formation of associations of the new periodontal pathogen Filifactor alocis with other I and II order periodontal pathogenic bacteria, as well as with the commensal bacteria colonizing this biotope. The study presents data of patient examination with obligatory use of polymerase chain reaction methods and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in 1529 healthy individuals and 2394 patients with CP, 136 patients with CP and concomitant atherosclerosis, 258 patients with CP and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus. It was confirmed that the basis of the oral microbiome under normal circumstances is composed of representatives of microaerophilic streptococci, corynebacteria, lactobacilli, as well as representatives of the Veillonella and Sphingobacterium genera. 16S sequencing and bioinformatic analysis allowed us to specify the taxonomic place of the new pathogen F. alocis, as well as representatives of normal microbiota in CP and comorbid somatic pathology. |
| Ограничения в создании искусственных популяций в агентном моделировании эпидемий: систематический обзор / И. И. Маслова [и др.] // Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. – 2024. – Т. 101, № 4. – С. 530–545. (Limitations in creating artificial populations in agent-based epidemic modeling: a systematic review) |
Introduction. The key step in agent-based modeling of epidemics, which allows researchers to take into account individual characteristics of people, is the creation of an artificial population. The main difficulty of this procedure is finding a balance between the detail of the population description and the computational efficiency of the calculations. The aim and objectives of the review: Critically analyze and summarize the current evidence on how to create artificial populations; evaluate the limitations and advantages of available approaches in solving various problems in epidemiology. Materials and methods. An analysis of literature sources devoted to agent-based modeling has been performed. The analysis is focused on algorithms for creating an artificial population with a given level of detail for modeling human respiratory infections. Results. The approaches to the creation of artificial populations are generalized. The main principles of realization of interaction between agents are revealed: by means of networks of contacts between agents and on the basis of taking into account the movement of agents between locations. The first approach is the most computationally efficient and simple; the second approach allows to better take into account the change in the behavior of agents during the development of the epidemic process. Conclusion. Agent-based modeling is an optimal tool for selecting the best scenario for epidemic control and investigating the role of individual characteristics of people in the development of epidemics. When creating an artificial population, it is important to include in the model factors that can be targeted for control. A significant limitation is the lack of factual data on population structure, but this can be overcome by using indirect data. |
| Тигеева, Е. В. Роль Т-клеточного иммунитета важно учитывать при создании современных вакцин против клещевого энцефалита / Е. В. Тигеева, Л. Ф. Низоленко, Л. И. Карпенко // Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. – 2024. – Т. 101, № 4. – С. 546–559. (The importance of the role of T-cell immunity in the development of modern tick-borne encephalitis vaccines) |
The tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is highly pathogenic and can affect the central nervous system, leading to severe chronic effects or death. The only effective measure to combat TBE is vaccine prophylaxis. Vaccines that are currently used for mass immunization are based on inactivated TBE virus, they provide a protective immune response, but such vaccines require multiple administrations. A possible reason for short-term immunity is an incomplete functional T-cell response to these types of vaccines. The aim of this review is to analyze the literature on the role of the T-cell immune response in protecting the body from TBE, its importance for vaccine development, and to consider approaches to the development of new TBE vaccines based on different platforms. When preparing the review, we analyzed the literature presented in scientific databases — PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Google Scholar as of April 2024. The following keywords were used for the search: vaccine, tick-borne encephalitis virus, T-cell immune response, flaviviruses.A several publications have demonstrated that T-cell responses following natural infection with TBE virus and after vaccination with inactivated virus are different. During viral infection, both Th1- and Th2-type CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells are activated and play an important role in the elimination of viral infection. After vaccination, the only Th2-type CD4+ T-cell response predominates, which may be the reason for the short-lived immune response.To date, a number of different types of experimental TBE vaccines are being studied, such as live-attenuated vaccines, viral vector vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus-like particles, DNA and mRNA vaccines, and polyepitope immunogens. In our opinion, the most promising in terms of T-cell response activation are vaccines based on T-cell polyepitope immunogens delivered in the form of DNA or mRNA. |
| Оценка современного состояния фармацевтической разработки противостафилококковых профилактических препаратов / И. А. Буйлова [и др.] // Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. – 2024. – Т. 101, № 4. – С. 560–572. (Assessment of the current state of pharmaceutical development of anti-staphylococcal prophylactic drugs) |
Infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus is the most common infection leading to the development of serious complications in humans. S. aureus is among the highly lethal bacteremia-associated pathogens with a mortality rate of approximately 18% in industrial countries; in developing countries, the rate is even higher, up to 27%.One of the most striking and challenging aspects of clinical manifestations caused by S. aureus is the ability of the bacterium to develop resistance to antibiotics. The development of alternative treatment options for staphylococcal infection is urgently needed. The use of immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis to activate the anti-infection immune response in patients should be considered as a promising direction.Objective: to analyze the main trends in the development of vaccines aimed at the prevention of S. aureusinfection and its virulence factors.The present review discusses vaccine development in recent years aimed at preventing infection caused by S. aureus. Particular attention is paid to pathogenicity factors (such as capsule, surface proteins and enzymes) that may be useful for the development of new candidate vaccines or immune therapeutics. In recent years, numerous clinical trials of candidate vaccines based on different antigens, taking into account particularly relevant S. aureuspathogenicity factors that influence morbidity, have not been successful due to their low efficacy or insufficiently substantiated safety (development of adverse events). One of the most important factors constraining vaccine development is the lack of successful translation of vaccine protective activity, which is observed in preclinical studies in experimental models but not confirmed in clinical trials.Therefore, according to numerous researchers, the use of multiple antigens in vaccine formulations should be considered with the focus on different mechanisms of S. aureus pathogenicity and the use of adjuvants. |
| Рубис, Л. В. Считать ли туляремию особо опасной инфекцией? / Л. В. Рубис // Журнал инфектологии. – 2024. – Т. 16, № 1. – С. 5–14. (Should tularemia be considered a particularly dangerous infection?) |
Tularemia is a widespread bacterial zoonotic infection in the world, the causative agent of it in our country is classified as pathogenicity group 2, which corresponds to group 3 according to the international classification for laboratory services. F. tularensis is considered a potential agent of category A bioterrorism. The review presents current information about the causative agent of tularemia, the features of the clinical course of the infection and the incidence rate associated with its different subtypes. The possibilities of treatment and prevention of the disease are highlighted. The material is presented from the point of view of whether the infection meets the criteria for a particularly dangerous disease. The species includes 4 subspecies, of which only one, present only in some states of the United States and probably the evolutionarily oldest, is assessed as highly virulent. The subspecies most widespread on the European continent is classified as moderately virulent and causes diseases that do not meet the criteria for a particularly dangerous disease in terms of severe and mortality rate. There is a list of drugs that are quite effective against the causative agent of tularemia, provided they are prescribed in a timely manner. The incidence of tularemia in countries where it is registered does not exceed sporadic levels. However, a feature of the pathogen is plasticity in the external environment which determines the long-term preservation of the epizootic potential of natural foci. In some years large outbreaks of infection occur, often in the absence of visible risk factors. The possibilities of specific and nonspecific prevention are limited and can reduce the risk of infection of the population only with a timely, quick and adequate response to changing situations. In various countries work is underway to create vaccines on different technological platforms, but currently only Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan use the live attenuated vaccine. Although by wild strains is not a particularly dangerous disease, it requires close surveillance. |
| Коровкин, А. С. Подходы к вакцинации взрослых против пневмококковой инфекции в различных странах мира / А. С. Коровкин, Ю. И. Обухов, Е. Н. Сятчихина // Журнал инфектологии. – 2024. – Т. 16, № 2. – С. 5–16. (Approaches to vaccination of adults against pneumococcal disease in different countries of the world) |
Various pneumococcal vaccines are available worldwide, differing in the range of serotypes coverage and type of vaccine, which determine different mechanisms of action and postvaccinal immunity. Vaccination against pneumococcal infection is recommended for both children and adults. Based on information from public sources, we analyzed recommendations for vaccination of adult patients in various countries. The information was summarized in the main blocks: the availability of government funding and vaccination programs for all persons depending on age; availability of government funding and vaccination programs for all patients with risk factors; availability of vaccination recommendations depending on age and risk factors, not funded by the state. The collected data also was analyzed according to vaccination schedules and recommended types of pneumococcal vaccines. In fact, few countries have included vaccination of adults in their preventive vaccination schedules. Pneumococcal disease vaccination in adults is primarily the prerogative of economically developed countries. Currently, there is a clear transition from mono-vaccination with the polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine PPV23 and combined vaccination regimens with a 13or 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine with revaccination with PPV23 to monovaccination with a 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Taking into account the spectrum of detected pneumococcal serotypes and molecular epidemiology data available in our country, the use of PCV20 can be considered justified. |
| Потенциальные биохимические маркеры-предикторы тяжелого течения инфекционных заболеваний у больных сахарным диабетом 2 типа / Е. А. Карасева [и др.] // Журнал инфектологии. – 2024. – Т. 16, № 2. – С. 17–27. (Possible biochemical markers-predictors of severe course of infectious diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus) |
Potentiation of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress by a new infectious agent in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus can cause a severe course of the infectious disease. However, the study of the manifestations of oxidative stress in patients with hyperglycemia and infectious diseases is not widespread. This review reveals the features of the state of the antioxidant system in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and is devoted to identifying possible biochemical markers that predict severe infections among such patients. |
| Феномен вирусной хромосомной интеграции / О. В. Голева [и др.] // Журнал инфектологии. – 2024. – Т. 16, № 3. – С. 5–16. (The phenomenon of viral chromosomal integration) |
The literature review is devoted to the chromosomally integrating viruses, the integration property. These are re vealed using modern diagnostic methods, including high-throughput sequencing. The review describes various types of viruses, such as retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes viruses, papillomaviruses, hepatitis B, SARS-CoV-2 and others. These viruses have the ability to integrate their genomes into the host cell genomes and their prevalence. Modern information on the molecular mechanisms of viral integration and methods of differential diagnostics is presented. Each of these viruses has its own unique ways of interacting with the host cell genome to maintain a latent state, which determines the specifics of the infectious process and pathological consequences for the body due to the possibility of effective reactivation. |
| Богданова, Т. В. Диагностика хронического Лайм-боррелиоза, протекающего с поражением нервной системы / Т. В. Богданова, А. М. Рюмин, О. Л. Соболевская // Журнал инфектологии. – 2024. – Т. 16, № 3. – С. 17–23. (Diagnosis of chronic lyme borreliosis involving the nervous system) |
Diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease is a challange for a clinician, even if there is modern laboratory and instrumental facilities at the hospital. Borreliosis is known for polysystemic and variable clinical picture. This article describes the clinical feachures and diagnosis of chronic borreliosis with central nervous system involvement. Various clinical variants of the disease and available methods of specific and nonspecific diagnosis are listed. The theoretical part of the work was carried out based on materials from 34 publications devoted to the problem of chronic neuroborreliosis. Also we describe the clinical case that illustrates the difficulties of managing this group of patients. |
| Железнова, А. С. Современные аспекты противовирусной терапии гепатита D / А. С. Железнова, К. А. Свирин, М. Ю. Карташов // Журнал инфектологии. – 2024. – Т. 16, № 3. – С. 24–35. (Modern aspects of anti-viral therapy for hepatitis D) |
Viral hepatitis D (HDV infection) worsens the prognosis of HBV infection course in 80-90% of cases, accelerating fibrosis and leading to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis D affects at least 125 000 people in Russia, and in the world, according to rough estimates, there are 15–20 million patients. The main measures to combat hepatitis D can be attributed to widespread scheduled vaccination against hepatitis B and the appointment of effective etiotropic thera- py. A detailed study of the hepatitis D virus genome structure and its replication cycle allows the development of a number of drugs that target and block key mechanisms of the vi rus life cycle. This review provides a brief characterization of hepatitis D virus, its genome structure, key processes of its life cycle and mechanisms of genetic information realiza tion. The review considers the main potential targets for targeted antiviral therapy of HDV infection and describes specific drugs (bulevirtide, lonafarnib, nucleic acid polymers). The review describes the mechanism of action of bulevirtide, which according to the current national clinical guidelines is a key element of antiviral therapy as monotherapy or in combination with pegylated interferons. Promising drugs affecting the processes of synthesis and post-translational modification of HDAg or reducing the production of surface proteins of hepatitis B virus are also considered. Further efforts are needed to develop safe, effective and cost-effective drugs against hepatitis D to ensure that treatment is widely available to those who desperately need it. Therefore, it is important that the life cycle of the hepatitis D virus be studied further, in greater detail, in order to develop highly effective antiviral drugs. |
| Иммуногенность полисахаридной пневмококковой вакцины у больных ревматоидным артритом / Б. Ц. Батожаргалова [и др.] // Журнал инфектологии. – 2024. – Т. 16, № 3. – С. 36–44. (Immunogenicity of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis) |
The presented review searched for articles in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, eLibrary (2002-2022) and assessed the immunogenicity of the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PPV23) in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), receiving various antirheumatic drugs. The results of this review indicated sufficient immunogenicity of PPV23 in RA patients receiving monotherapy with various biological drugs (bDMARDs) (TNFα inhibitors, IL6 receptor inhibitors, T-lymphocyte costimulation blockers), targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (tsDMARDs), and glucocorticoids (GC) in medium and low doses. Monotherapy with methotrexate (MTX), rituximab and combination therapy with bDMARDs +MTX, tsDMARDs+MTX in RA patients reduced the postvaccination pneumococcal response. IgG AT generated in response to PPV23 injection shown functional activity even in RA patients whose antibodies were either lowered in patients receiving MTX or were not detectable at protective values following bDMARD therapy. The potential for pneumococcus antibody production in RA patients receiving therapy with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), tsDMARDs and bDMARDs, was concluded. Vaccination against pneumococcal infection should be advised prior to starting therapy due to the likelihood of low antibody levels developing during rituximab treatment. |
| Коморбидные состояния как внепеченочные проявления хронической HCV-инфекции / И. Э. Кравченко [и др.] // Инфекционные болезни. (Comorbid conditions as extrahepatic manifestations of chronic HCV infection ) |
Chronic hepatitis C virus (hepatitis C virus/HCV) infection is a serious public health problem. In 2022, more than 33,800 cases of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) were registered in the Russian Federation, with a total economic burden of RUB 60.9 billion. In addition to liver damage, a significant number of patients with CHC have various comorbid conditions, the development of which may be due to extrahepatic HCV replication. In clinical practice, it is difficult to prove the association of comorbid pathology with extrahepatic manifestations of HCV. This literature review presents the results of meta-analyses and systematic studies indicating the development of extrahepatic manifestations in chronic HCV infection. Data on cardiovascular, endocrine system damage, development of mixed cryoglobulinemia, neurological disorders are discussed. The analysis of scientific research on the influence of HCV therapy with direct antiviral drugs on the course of comorbid pathology is carried out, personalised approaches to antiviral therapy for HCV patients with comorbid pathology and prospects of clinical research on studying this problem are substantiated. |
| Влияние COVID-19 на патологию печени у пациентов с вирусным гепатитом В / И. Шахрамиан [и др.] // Инфекционные болезни. (Effect of COVID-19 on liver pathology in patients with hepatitis B virus infection) |
In this article, a literature analysis of publications on the impact of coronavirus 2019, (COVID-19) infection on liver function (as measured by the levels of its enzymes) in patients suffering from viral hepatitis B was conducted. Both viruses can damage liver tissue; in addition, various drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19 are known to have a similar effect. People with comorbid somatic diseases have been shown to be more susceptible to COVID-19; having two or more comorbidities not only significantly increases the risk of COVID-19 infection, but also leads to worse clinical outcomes. Experts believe that SARS-CoV-2 and hepatitis B viruses can impair liver function by causing elevated levels of total bilirubin, alanine and asparagine aminotransferases, uglutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Many studies have shown that prior and ongoing hepatitis B does not increase mortality in COVID-19 patient groups. The duration of hospitalisation of patients with COVID-19 and patients with a combination of both infections was almost the same. |
| Эффективность применения препарата азоксимера бромид в профилактике, лечении и иммунореабилитации COVID-19 / М. П. Костинов [и др.] // Инфекционные болезни. (Efficacy of azoximer bromide in prevention, treatment and immunorehabilitation of COVID-19) |
The review presents the features of immunopathogenesis in a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and the possibility of correcting the state of the immune system of the patients with the help of a modern domestic synthetic immunomodulator azoximer bromide (Polyoxidonium®). The results of large-scale studies with the inclusion of the drug in the schemes of complex pathogenetic treatment of COVID-19 and immunorehabilitation in post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS), as well as the possibility of its use for the prevention of acute respiratory infections and COVID-19 in persons with a high risk of infection are considered. High efficacy and safety of azoximer bromide in normalization of the condition in patients, even with severe complicated forms requiring hospitalization in intensive care units (ICU), in reducing the incidence of complications, acute symptoms in post-COVID-19 syndrome, as well as preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population and the development of symptoms of a new coronavirus infection during prophylactic administration of the drug have been shown. |
| Воропаева, С. В. Особенности медицинской реабилитации пациентов, перенесших новую коронавирусную инфекцию / С. В. Воропаева, А. С. Сегеда, А. Д. Сазонова // Вопросы курортологии, физиотерапии и лечебной физической культуры. – 2023. – Т. 100, № 5. – С. 64–69. (Medical rehabilitation features of patients suffered from new coronavirus infection) |
Despite the development and implementation of preventive measures, new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) cases are still being registered among the population. Objective. To describe the methods of recovery treatment, used at different rehabilitation stages of patients suffered from COVID-19. Material and methods. An analytical review of rehabilitation methods of patients after COVID-19 was conducted. The literature reviews and original researches from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, CyberLeninka and eLibrary electronic databases were studied. Results and conclusion. Lungs, heart and vessels, gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system are most commonly affected by COVID-19. Due to this, the article considers key aspect of rehabilitation of patients with revealed disorders. Multidisciplinary approach is the main treatment type of patient with COVID-19. The effective result of comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach can be achieved only by the work of a team of specialists from different disciplines. The early onset, consistency and continuity of rehabilitation activities are important factors in the recovery of patients with post-COVID syndrome. |
| Новая коронавирусная инфекция и беременность: опыт трех лет пандемии / М. М. Дьякова [и др.] // Акушерство и гинекология. – 2023. – № 10. – С. 5–13. (New coronavirus infection and pregnancy: experience of three years of the pandemic) |
The paper presents a study of scientific publications written by the Russian and foreign authors in research databases such as Pubmed, Cochrane, Web of Science, MedLine, Google Scholar, Embase, Maternity and Infant Care. It covers epidemiological aspects of coronavirus infection, experience of previous epidemics of respiratory viruses, data on the impact of novel coronavirus infection on the course of pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. At the first stages of the pandemic some publications provided the information that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is not dangerous for pregnant women. Later the incidence in pregnant women was found to be higher than in the population. The following risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection have been identified: concomitant pathology, late reproductive age. The clinical course of COVID-19 in pregnant women may vary from asymptomatic forms to the development of acute respiratory and multiple organ failure. Novel coronavirus infection has been proven to play a role in the development of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, preterm birth, spontaneous miscarriage and placental pathology. To date, the available literature contains few data on the analysis of pregnancy outcomes depending on the gestational age at the time of infection. It remains unclear how coronavirus infection in pregnancy affects the development of congenital malformations in the fetus, short-term and long-term consequences for the child’s health. Conclusion: It is necessary to conduct further studies to identify the effect of the novel coronavirus infection on the course of pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. The experience obtained by the clinicians will help the society to be ready for the next challenges of the time. |
| Эволюция гемофильной инфекции в вакцинальный период: обзор литературы / А. В. Красивский [и др.] // Детские инфекции. – 2023. – Т. 22, № 4. – С. 48–57. (Evolution of Haemophilus influenzae infection during the vaccination period: literature review) |
Mass immunization with H. influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines has led to a sharp decrease in the incidence of invasive and non-invasive forms of Haemophilus influenza infection. H. influenzae causes a diverse spectrum of diseases from usually asymptomatic carriage to otitis, sinusitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, endopericarditis, inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, arthritis, and is one of the four main causative agents of bacterial meningitis. Materials and methods. In order to identify the significance of Hemophilus influenzae infection during the vaccination period, an analysis was carried out on the spread of Hemophilus influenzae infection, its clinical forms, as well as the antibiotic resistance of the pathogen. A review of domestic and foreign publications over the past 20 years was conducted in the search engines PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Elibrary. Results. Studies conducted in various countries show that after the start of mass immunization, H. influenzae type b is no longer the dominant serotype of the pathogen causing invasive infections in most countries. Everywhere in the world, the leading positions are occupied by cases of infection caused by non-typable serotypes of H. influenzae type a, f, b (Hia, Hif, Hib) predominate among the capsular forms. Unprotected aminopenicillins, second-generation cephalosporins, and sulfonamides are the leading classes of antibacterial drugs to which H. influenzae strains have developed resistance. A variety of clinical forms is still relevant for hemophilic infection. Bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia are the main clinical manifestations of invasive Haemophilus influenzae infection caused by typed and non-typed serotypes of the pathogen. |
| Офтальмологические проявления COVID-19 / И. А. Лоскутов [и др.] // Вестник офтальмологии. – 2023. – Т. 139, № 5. – С. 81–88. (Ophthalmic manifestations of COVID-19) |
In March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 respiratory virus. The high spread rate of the virus and the severity of the course of the disease are of great clinical and epidemiological significance, making it relevant for ophthalmologists to study the mechanisms of how SARS-CoV-2 infects ocular structures, as well as possible clinical manifestations of the infection in the organ of vision. This review contains analysis, systematization, and generalization of epidemiological and clinical data on SARS-CoV-2 ocular lesions and was carried out with the data found in scientific abstract databases. The article presents main clinical ophthalmic manifestations of COVID-19, lists the utilized schemes of etiotropic and symptomatic therapy, recommended preventive measures, and considers the possible ophthalmic complications after vaccination against COVID-19. |
| Ташланова, В. В. Видовая характеристика бактерий рода Lactobacillus, циркулирующих в различных локусах организма человека (обзор литературы) / В. В. Ташланова, Л. В. Катаева, Т. Ф. Степанова // Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. – 2023. – Т. 100, № 4. – С. 364–375. (Species characteristics of bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus identified in different loci of the human body (literature review)) |
Бактерии рода Bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus are inhabitants of the surfaces of human mucous membranes, such as the oral cavity, digestive and urogenital tracts. Moreover, there is evidence that they are found in breast milk and sputum. In view of the many genetic differences, metabolic abilities and other functions of the species included in this genus, a revision of the classification of the genus Lactobacillus is proposed in 2020. Recently, in the scientific medical literature, the issues related to the influence of lactobacilli on the human microbiome, maintaining health and preventing pathological conditions of the body have been actively discussed. This review is devoted to the functional characteristics and analysis of the species diversity of Lactobacillus spp. circulating in various body systems, their participation in the formation and regulation of defense mechanisms. However, negative impacts are also noted, most often associated with the transfer of genetic determinants of resistance to antimicrobial drugs from lactobacilli to gram-negative microbiota. |
| Накопленный опыт и перспективы исследования вируса гепатита B in vivo / А. М. Нагорных [и др.] // Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. – 2023. – Т. 100, № 6. – С. 495–510. (Accumulated experience and future prospects of in vivo hepatitis B virus research ) |
Nowadays, an estimated more than 300 million people live with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally. One of the main goals of the World Health Organization (WHO) is to eliminate viral hepatitis by the year 2030. The study of the pathogenic and immunologic properties of HBV, as well as therapeutic substances and treatment regimens, is significantly complicated by the insufficient number of susceptible biological test subjects (animal models) and the lack of zoonotic reservoirs of the virus. In this regard, researching the properties of HBV and related hepadnaviruses provides invaluable material for understanding the biology of the pathogen and the developing methods of prevention and control of this chronic infectious disease, leading to severe hepatopathies (cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma). Furthermore, prolonged HBV viremia leads to depletion of the immune system, reducing resistance against pathogens of other infections, especially those with a chronic course and socially determined spread.The aim of this research is to evaluate existing animal models of HBV infection in the context of pathogenesis, immunologic and pathomorphological features. For the first time, the hypothesis of the possible use of certain models for the research of HBV-associated socially significant infections is considered from the point of view of the development of pathomorphological features.To complete this review, we analyzed the information about the features of HBV infection models in vivo, published over the last 25 years in open sources (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Springer). The main criteria for literature selection were the type of infecting agent, the observed immunologic features of the course of the infectious process and the availability of a description of the pathomorphological features in model organisms. |
| Бабаченко, И. В. Эффективность инозина пранобекса в лечении и профилактике инфекционных заболеваний (систематический обзор) / И. В. Бабаченко // Журнал инфектологии. – 2023. – Т. 15, № 4. – С. 42–53. (Effectiveness of inosine pranobex in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases (system review)) |
The purpose of the article is a systematic review of studies conducted in recent decades in children and adults, with an emphasis on domestic works, on the use of inosine pranobex preparations, in the treatment of infectious diseases. The clinical and immunological effectiveness of inosine pranobex in the treatment and prevention of relapses in patients with recurrent respiratory viral infections against the background of persistent herpesviruses types 4-6 has been demonstrated. Using the example of multicenter comparative as well as placebo-controlled studies, not only the effectiveness, but also the safety of long-term courses of therapy is shown. A promising direction is the use of inosine pranobex in the treatment of COVID-19 and post-Covid conditions, taking into account its immunomodulatory effect without the risk of increasing the “cytokine storm”, as well as studies of the direct antiviral effect on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in vitro. |
| Смирнова, О. В. Патофизиологические особенности хронических IgЕ-опосредованных риносинуситов бактериальной этиологии / О. В. Смирнова, А. Н. Маркина, О. В. Парилова // Медицинская иммунология. – 2024. – Т. 26, № 1. – С. 27–36. (Pathophysiological features of chronic IgE-mediated rhinosinusitis of bacterial etiology) |
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a disease caused by inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and its mucous membrane lasting for more than 4 weeks continuously. The aim of our study was to examine the main pathophysiological features of chronic IgE-mediated rhinosinusitis of bacterial etiology according to publications in the Russian Federation and in the world. A search was made through English- and Russian-language literature sources using the following databases: PubMed, MedLine, Web of Science, Russian Science Citation Index, Springer, Scopus, Scientific Research, Google Scholar, Crossref, eLibrary. The epidemiological features of CRS in the Russian Federation, bacterial pathogens and pathophysiological characteristics of CRS were analyzed. A 2-fold increase in the prevalence of CRS was registered over the past 20 years. Prevalence of the disease increases at longer age ranges. Chronic rhinosinusitis ranks first among all chronic diseases in the field of otorhinolaryngology. Allergic rhinitis, asthma, bronchiectasia, immunodeficiencies, cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia and autoimmune diseases are associated with CRS. The most common bacterial pathogens are S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes, Prevotella, Streptococcus and Veillonella, and some Gram-negative bacteria, e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is involved in pathogenesis of nasal polyps. The colonizing bacteria may contribute to pathogenesis of CRS through the formation of biofilms. Alterations in the sino-nasal microbiome may also contribute to the development of CRS. An association of the CRS and CFTR gene mutations plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. An “immune barrier hypothesis” has been proposed as potential mechanism of CRS. Reduced expression of SPINK5, impaired STAT3 signaling, and T2R38 bitter taste receptor polymorphism have been identified in the pathogenesis of CRS. The T2R38 gene stimulates epithelial cells to produce nitrous oxide with a bactericidal effect, promotes mucociliary elimination of pathogens and prevention of upper respiratory tract infections, the polymorphism of this gene predisposes patients to gram-negative infectious diseases, and therefore is a risk factor for the development of CRS. In addition, antibody deficiency is the most common primary immunodeficiency associated with CRS. Hence, the pathogenesis of chronic IgE-mediated rhinosinusitis of bacterial etiology is associated with defects in innate immunity and mucociliary clearance, influence of the sinonasal microbiome, allergies, and genetic factors. A comprehensive assessment of these factors is necessary for the development of new preventive and therapeutic options for the correction of CRS. |
| Белых, Н. А. Фенотип бронхиальной астмы, ассоциированной с ожирением, у детей / Н. А. Белых, И. В. Пизнюр // Профилактическая медицина. – 2024. – Т. 27, № 1. – С. 106–114. (Obesity-associated asthma phenotype in children) |
Bronchial asthma in children is a common chronic disease. Obesity can affect the risk of bronchial asthma, its phenotype, and prognosis. Objective of the review. To present and summarize information on the causal relationship of the non-eosinophilic endotype of bronchial asthma associated with obesity in children and on possible mechanisms of targeting the pathogenesis of these conditions to improve the effectiveness of controller therapy. Material and methods. A search of local and foreign literature was conducted on the relationship between various links in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and obesity and on possible ways to increase the effectiveness of therapy. We used Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, and Cyberleninka databases. Results. Many clinical studies and observations showed an association between obesity and bronchial asthma in children. Several mechanisms may be involved in developing obesity-associated bronchial asthma in children, including decreased physical activity, abnormal lung ventilation, chronic systemic inflammation, hormone effects, genetic factors, and comorbidities. Obesity can contribute to asthma pathogenesis due to mechanical, inflammatory, genetic, metabolic, and immune factors. Physical inactivity and systemic corticosteroid therapy seem to increase the risk of obesity in children with asthma. Conclusion. Identification of obesity-associated asthma phenotype is important for treatment. In addition to the controller therapy of bronchial asthma, lifestyle should be adjusted, healthy nutrition and physical activity of the patient should be encouraged, and comorbidities should be treated. Future studies should clarify the relationship between bronchial asthma and obesity and the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these two conditions, with a view to personalizing therapy. |
| Зорина, В. В. Некоторые генетические маркеры, ассоциированные с тяжестью течения COVID-19 у человека / В. В. Зорина, А. Д. Худякова, Е. В. Гарбузова // Профилактическая медицина. – 2023. – Т. 26, № 12. – С. 121–127. (Some genetic markers associated with the severity of the course of COVID-19 in humans) |
Metabolic and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are a global problem for humanity due to high morbidity, disability, and mortality, despite the continuous improvement of methods of diagnosis and treatment. Objective. Based on the analysis of new literature data on the antioxidant, metabolic, immunosuppressive, and endocrine functions of bilirubin, to identify promising areas for their use in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of metabolic and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Material and methods. The search for Russian- and English-language publications was performed in the PubMed, Medscape, Cochrane Library databases, and the eLibrary scientific electronic library. The depth of article search was 2014—2023. The analysis includes 60publications that meet the selection criteria. Results. The data presented in the review are often controversial. However, most studies have found an adverse effect of low blood bilirubin on the course and prognosis of many metabolic and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, and the use of promising strategies to increase the level of bilirubin in the blood improved the results of therapeutic and surgical treatment. Conclusion. The lack of effectiveness of currently available strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases enables considering the level of blood bilirubin as a new promising target for improving the results of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases. |
| Международные подходы к комплексной оценке грамотности населения в вопросах вакцинации / М. В. Лопатина [и др.] // Профилактическая медицина. – 2023. – Т. 26, № 12. – С. 128–134. (International approaches to a comprehensive assessment of the adults vaccination literacy) |
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that vaccination saves from 2 to 3 million lives worldwide every year. Nevertheless, studies have shown a global decline in confidence and compliance to vaccination. This leads to a reduction in vaccination coverage and a recurrence of communicable diseases. It is important to assess literacy in the issues of vaccination, understanding, critical thinking and application of information to investigate the prerequisites of confidence and compliance to vaccination. Objective. To analyze international approaches to the comprehensive assessment of adults’ literacy in the issues of vaccination. Material and methods. The analysis is based on works published by foreign authors in English between 2013 and 2023 yrs. The content analysis method was applied for selecting publications, including a list for certain criteria for inclusion and exclusion of articles. As a result of literature search in the PubMed database and the Internet, 20 publications were selected in the first phase, of which only 4 fully met the criteria for inclusion for further analysis. Results. The analysis of international approaches to the comprehensive assessment of adult literacy in the issues of vaccination has shown that tools for the comprehensive assessment of population’s vaccination literacy are limited. Vaccination literacy is influenced not only by individual factors but also by social. Nevertheless, currently most of the existing tools are provided for investigation of only individual factors. The HLS19-VAC tool, which fully met the inclusion criteria, was developed in the framework of the HLS19 international study of the WHO Action Networks and was used in 11 European countries. The HLS19-VAC tool is a series of issues that allow to study the understanding, evaluation and application of vaccination information regardless of the context or any particular vaccine. It includes 1 question on personal vaccination behavior over the past 5 years, 4 questions on personal confidence in vaccines, 3 questions on myths and possible risks of vaccination, and 1 question on the risk of contamination by infectious disease, for which there is a vaccine, in case of not vaccinating. Conclusion. The obtained data can be adapted and used in the formation of evidence-based approaches to the literacy assessment in the field of vaccination of the adult population in the Russian Federation. |
| Роль Torque Teno вируса в развитии заболеваний центральной нервной системы / В. М. Семенов [и др.] // Клиническая инфектология и паразитология. – 2024. – Т. 13, № 1. – С. 59–69. (The role of torque teno virus in the development of diseases of the central nervous system) |
Torque teno virus (TTV) and related anelloviruses have joined the list of pathogens causing chronic productive infections and high levels of viremia in humans over the past 26 years. Many aspects of the pathogenesis of these viruses still remain poorly understood. In this literature review, we have summarized the general properties of anelloviruses and reviewed the currently known information on their interaction with the central nervous system (CNS). As a result of analyzing the available data, it can be suggested that TTV plays a role in diseases such as encephalitis, myelitis, and meningoencephalitis. The role of TTV in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is of great interest. The information presented in the analyzed literature indicates the need for further carefully designed studies to accurately understand how often and under what conditions anelloviruses pass through the blood-brain barrier into the CNS, given their low occurrence in the CNS under normal conditions. This is necessary for elucidating the possible pathogenetic consequences of their penetration and is also crucial for improving patient management and for developing eff ective interventions to prevent and treat this infection. |
| Микробиом крови клинически здорового человека – миф или реальность? (обзор литературы) / Н. М. Каргальцева [и др.] // Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. – 2024. – Т. 69, № 4. – С. 142–149. (Blood microbiome of a clinically healthy person – myth or reality? (review of literature)) |
At present, the concept of colonization of a «sterile» biotope, that is blood, has appeared. Modern molecular – genetic methods have shown the presence of bacterial DNA in the blood of practically healthy individuals with negative blood culture. Blood microbiome has not been studied, but its clinical impact on human health is suspected. In the blood there were found: pleomorphic bacteria, chlamydia-like microorganisms and in the L-form. RNA-Seq technology makes it possible to find various microorganisms whose genome does not correspond with the human genome. The 4 dominant types of blood microbiome are: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroides. Knowledge of the nature of blood microbiome is essential safer blood transfusion. |
| Вирус Усуту (Flaviviridae, Orthoflavivirus). Потенциальная опасность и возможность распространения на территории Российской Федерации / Е. В. Найденова [и др.] // Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. – 2023. – № 3. – С. 22–32. Usutu Virus (Flaviviridae, Orthoflavivirus). Potential Danger and Possibility of spread on the territory of the Russian Federation) |
In recent decades, an increase in the number of cases of detection of the Usutu virus (Usutu, USUV, Orthoflavivirus usutuense) (family Flaviviridae, genus Orthoflavivirus) has caused great concern among medical professionals, including virologists and specialists in infectious diseases, especially since its appearance in Europe, where the pathogen caused mass birds die-off, and annually registered human cases. This review provides information about the structure of the virus and its genetic variants, geographical distribution and features of circulation in Europe and Africa, the methods and principles used to indicate and identify this pathogen, as well as the main symptoms of the disease it causes. An assessment of the environmental prerequisites for the occurrence of outbreaks of the disease caused by the Usutu virus on the territory of the Russian Federation was also carried out. |
| Рубис, Л. В. Распространение вируса Синдбис в Фенноскандии / Л. В. Рубис // Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. – 2023. – № 3. – С. 33–42. (Spread of the Sindbis Virus in Fennoscandia) |
In the second half of the last century, a persistent focus of the disease caused by Sindbis virus was formed on the territory of Fennoscandia. In different countries, the disease is called Pogosta disease, Ockelbo disease and Karelian fever. The highest incidence rate is in Finland, where diseases are recorded annually, ranging from sporadic cases to large outbreaks with hundreds of patients. In other Scandinavian countries and in Russia, isolated cases of infection are currently being detected. The data on registered incidence and the results of seroepidemiological studies indicate an unequal dissemination of the infection in Fennoscandia, the causes of which need to be investigated. The review presents updated information on the pathogen, its distribution among the population and in the biocenosis of Fennoscandia, clinical features, diagnostics and epidemiological characteristics of the incidence. |
| Эпизоотолого-эпидемиологическая ситуация по лептоспирозам в Российской Федерации в период с 2013 по 2022 г. и прогноз на 2023 г. / Д. В. Транквилевский [и др.] // Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. – 2023. – № 3. – С. 43–50. (Epizootiological and Epidemiological Situation on Leptospirosis in the Russian Federation over the Period of 2013–2022 and the Forecast for 2023) |
The aim of the work was to analyze the epizootic and epidemiological situation on leptospirosis in the territory of the Russian Federation in 2013–2022 and to forecast its development in 2023. The long-term dynamics of leptospirosis incidence in the Russian Federation tends to decrease. Cases were registered in 58 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in all federal districts. The highest incidence rates were noted in the North-Western Federal District. When studying the material from small mammals using bacteriological, immunological and molecular-biological methods, Leptospira circulation was detected in 52 entities of the Russian Federation, in all federal districts. In 2023, sporadic cases of infection are to be expected in the territories of the North-Western Federal District, the Central Federal District, and the Southern Federal District; imported cases of infection from countries with subequatorial and equatorial climates are not excluded. |
| Природные соединения – потенциальная основа средств профилактики и терапии гепатита С / Н. Н. Беседнова [и др.] // Антибиотики и химиотерапия. – 2023. – Т. 68, № 11–12. – С. 75–90. (Natural Compounds as Potential Basis for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis C) |
The article summarizes study results of the effect of polyphenols, polysaccharides, and lectins from terrestrial and marinebiota on the hepatitis C virus and the course of HCV infection. The urgency of this problem is determined by the widespread, the asymptomatic course of the acute form of the disease with the gradual development of adverse outcomes, limited access to effective etiotropic therapy due to high cost, as well as low public awareness of this disease. A wide range of physiological effects of natural biologically active substances with antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity opens up the possibility of their use for the creation of pharmacological substances and drugs of a new generation for the prevention and adjuvant therapy of hepatitis C. The authors of the review draw attention to the difficulties associated with the development of such tools and some possible ways to overcome them |